1、第十讲 介词第十讲 介词一介词的定义和特征介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如: Most of the students went to the classroom.大部分学生去了教室。We play basketball on the sports ground.我们在操场上打蓝球。介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。belong to 属于，rely on 依靠，talk to 同.谈话，be af
2、raid of 害怕，be strict with对.严格.介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。Where do you come from?你是哪儿人?Who are you talking to?你在跟谁谈话呢?What do you study for?你为了什么而学习?介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义:about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身I have bought a book about Shakespearean.我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。There ar
3、e about fifteen trees in the picture.图片里大约有十五棵树。above在.上,高出,以上,超过,在.上游The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。I think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。across 横过,对面,交叉,在.的对面Can you swim across the river？你能游过河吗？We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。after在.后面,依照He went home after school.
4、 他放学后就回家了。Read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背The car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。He is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。along沿着,顺着They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。among在.当中He is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。around在.的周围,在.那一边They sat around the table talking the news.他们绕桌
5、而坐谈论新闻。There is a drugstore around the corner.拐角处有一家药店。as 作为He doesnt like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。at在.时刻,在.点钟,在.岁时, 向，在.之中，按.速度,值(卖).钱He always gets up at six in the morning. 他时常早上六点钟起床。He shot at the bird but missed it. 他向鸟射击，但是没射中。The car goes at eighty miles an hour. 汽车以每小时八十
6、公里的速度行驶。before在.的前面(位置),在.之前(时间)He took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。He cant finish his work before supper. 晚饭前他完不成工作。behind在.的后面(位置), 落后于，不如，迟于,晚于(时间) Are there any brooms behind the door. 门后有扫帚吗？All of us are behind him in mathematics. 我们数学都不如他。below在.之下,低于.There are four lights below the
7、ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。The murderer run away below the polices eyes. 杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。beside在.的旁边,在.之外,与.相比He found the body by the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。Beside yours， my computer is too slow. 与你的计算机速度相比，我的就慢多了。besides除.之外We are all here besides Bowe. 除鲍外，我们也都来了。between在.两者之间The relations between the two countri
8、es has improved since then. 两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。beyond 在.那边The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you cant miss it. 你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。but 除去He has nothing but money. 他除钱以外什么都没有。by 被., 在.的近旁 , 在.之前, 不迟于, 以.为手段。The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。Miss Lucy came to China by
9、air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。down 沿着.望下She walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。during 在.期间,在.时候。During the holiday, we went to the south.我们假期去了南方。except 除.之外He knows nothing except English.他除英语以外什么都不知道。for 为., 因为., 至于. He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in
10、the classroom.她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。from 从., 来自., 因为.Where are you from? 你是哪里人？He died from an accident. 他死于一场事故。in 在., 在.之内，从事于., 按照., 穿着. He was born in 1992. 他生于1992年。I could finish the program in two weeks. 我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。He spend less time in reading. 他读书时间很少。The man in black jacket is our teacher.
11、穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。like 象.，如同.The twins are like their father. 双胞胎象他们的父亲。near 靠近.There are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。of .的，属于.This is a map of China. 这是一张中国地图。off 离开.，在.之外The young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。I live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。o
12、n 在.之上My book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。out of从.出来，在.之外The dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。outside . 外边They are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。over 在.之上，遍于.之上，越过.There is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。He is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。past 越过.，过.，超越.The students walked past the post office.学生
13、们走过了邮局。It is ten past two.现在是两点十分。round 围着.，绕过.，在.周围We sat round the table.我们围着桌子坐下。The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。since 自. 以后，自.以来He has made great progress in English since he came into the college.从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。through 经过.，穿过.They went through the forest.他们穿过了森林。throughout 遍及.，在各处The p
14、olice searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人。till 直到.，在.以前He didnt come back till eleven oclock.他直到十一点钟才回来。Well be home till six.六点以前我们都会在家。to 到.，向.，趋于How long is it from here to the station？从这儿到车站有多远？under 在.之下，低于There are some footballs under the bed.床底下有几颗足球。These students are
15、 under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。until 直到，在.以前Please wait for us until we come back.请等着我们回来。It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper.直到上周，我才交了数学论文。up 在.上面，在.上He went up the stairs.他上了楼梯。upon 在.之上，迫近.Its not polite to look down upon him.蔑视他是不礼貌的。within 在.之内You must finish t
16、he work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。without 没有，不，在.之外We cant do it better without your help.没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。We couldnt live without air and water.没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。二、介词的分类与语法功能1分类：(1)介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等
17、；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. He quarrelled with her yesterday
18、. He succeeded in passing the final exam. Im still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. (2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语) Where is the key to my bike?(定语) Nothing in the world could live w
19、ithout air or water.(状语) She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)2. 介词搭配(1)“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用) supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the materi
20、al into a coat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用)strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用) catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用) hit the boy in the face(“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用) persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing st
21、h.(“说服，建议”意义与into连用)buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用) tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用) give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)注意：可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。请注意以下介
22、词搭配：reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to把贡献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜，ask for 寻找，use for用作，leave for前往，take for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助(救)于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，
23、compare to把比作，send for派人去请(拿)，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好。(2)“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水，the hope of success成功的希望，have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会，take pride in them为他们感到骄傲，the key to the question问题的答案，a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药，the ticket for tomorrow明天的票，i
24、n Beijing去了北京，his absence from Beijing不在北京，to study学习方法，the way of studying maths学习数学的方法.3. 核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no tim
25、e, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night(大夜间)。in five days(weeks, months, years)中in意思是“在以后”。in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“
26、活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel (2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Childrens Day on March 8, on the m
27、orning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days (3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years.one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day, one day, yesterday / afternoon,the night before .(4)till、until、to的用法till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：
