1、纺织专业英语部分课本学习知识英汉对照翻译第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植 Cotton is the worlds most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that
2、in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because
3、it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So l
4、abor costs tended to be very high.直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。这是因为它容易被毛或亚麻纺成纱由于其更大的长度。此外，棉纤维要从种子中分离出来的，他们依靠。这个过程是非常繁琐和费时的，手工做的。早期的机器可以用在只有长纤维棉花。所以劳动力成本会很高。 The invention of the saw-type cotton gin made possible the exploitation of the short staple fiber, which thrived in the Carolinas and Virginia of th
5、e United States. The dramatic increase in productivity, coupled with the low cost of labor in the southern United States, gave cotton a continually expanding portion of the world textile market. Increasing mechanization of fiber and yarn production helped keep the cost of cotton goods low. The, deve
6、lopment of the textile machinery enlarged the production base.的锯片式轧棉机的发明使可能的短纤维的开发，兴盛于美国北卡罗莱纳州和弗吉尼亚州。生产率的急剧增加，加上在美国南部的人工成本低，给棉不断扩大在全球纺织市场部。机械化程度提高，纤维和纱线的生产使棉花的成本低的商品。纺织机械的发展，扩大了生产基地。 Cotton cultivation requires warm climates with a high level of moisture or irrigation. The growing season is from six
7、 to seven months long. During this period the seeds sprout and grow, producing a white blossom in about 100 days. The blossom produces a seed pod, which matures during the next two months. When the pod bursts, the cotton fibers are ready for picking.棉花种植需要温暖的气候和水分或灌溉高水平。生长季节是从六到七个月。这一时期的种子发芽生长，在大约10
8、0天，产生白色花。当荚破裂，棉纤维是采摘。 Before yam manufacture, cotton is graded, sorted, and blended to insure uniform yam quality. Cotton is graded on the basis of color, staple length, fineness, and freedom from foreign matter. In the United States, cottons are divided into grades according to length of staple, un
9、iformity, strength, color, cleanness and flexibility. These are compared with a standard supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture. The standard provides 6 grades above and 6 grades below the Middling grade. The most common grades are:山药生产之前，棉花分级，分类，和混合均匀的纱线质量的保证。棉花是彩色的，依据梯度纤维长度，细度，和外来
10、物质的自由。在美国，棉花分根据纤维的均匀性，强度，颜色，长度为等级，清洁和灵活性。这些都是由美国农业部提供一个标准的比较。本标准规定了6级以上，6级以下的中等。最常见的等级：(1) Strict good middling.（1）严格的上级。(2) Good middling. （2）上级。(3) Strict middling. （3）严格的中等。(4) Middling. （4）中。(5) Strict low middling （5）严格的低中等(6) Low middling. （6）低中等。 (7) Strict good ordinary. （7）严格好普通。 The cotton
11、 fiber may be from 0.3 to 5.5 cm long. Under the microscope it appears as a ribbon like structure that is twisted at irregular intervals along its length. The twists, called convolutions, increase the fiber-to-fiber friction necessary to secure a strong spun yarn. The fiber ranges in color from a ye
12、llowish to pure white, and may be very lustrous. However, most cotton dull.棉纤维可从0.3到5.5厘米长。在显微镜下看起来是一个带状结构，沿其长度不规则的时间间隔扭曲。曲曲折折的，称为卷积，增加纤维间的摩擦力要获得一个强有力的纱。从浅黄色到纯白色的纤维的范围，并可以很有光泽。然而，大多数棉花迟钝。 A cross-sectional view reveals that the fiber is kidney-shaped with central hollow core known as the lumen. The
13、lumen provides a channel for nutrients while the plant is growing. The fiber consists of an outer shell, or cuticle, which surrounds the primary wall. The primary wall, in turn, covers the secondary wall surrounding the lumen. The cuticle is a thin, hard shell which protects the fiber from bruising
14、and damage during growth. In use as a textile fiber, the cuticle provides abrasion resistance to cotton.管腔提供养分的通道而植物的生长。纤维由外壳，或角质层，围绕初生壁。反过来，包括初生壁，管腔周围次生壁。角质层是薄的，坚硬的外壳保护纤维生长过程中的破碎和损伤。在用作纺织纤维，角质层提供了耐磨抗棉。第二课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途 A relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wic
15、king properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell w
16、hen wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining
17、 its temperature.吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的一个更舒适的一个比较高的水平。因为在纤维素的羟基基团，棉花对水有很强的吸引力。当水进入纤维棉，膨胀，其截面变得更圆。水分和膨胀时湿让棉花吸收水的重量约四分之一的高亲和力的能力。这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会吸收棉织品，沿运纱布的外表面和蒸发到空气中。因此，身体会帮助维持其温度。 Unfortunately, the hydrophilic nature of cotton makes it susceptible to water-borne stains. Water-soluble colorants such a
18、s those in coffee or grape juice will penetrate the fiber along with the water; when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to cotton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces t
19、he ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when th
20、e crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must be ironed.不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会渗入纤维随着水；当水分蒸发，着色剂是困在纤维。也许主要的缺点，棉织品是他们的倾向，皱纹和去除皱纹的困难。棉纤维的刚度降低纱线抗起皱能力。当纤维弯曲
21、的一种新的配置，氢债券持有的纤维素链在一起破裂和分子滑动以减少纤维中的应力。在新的位置的氢键的改革，所以当破碎力去除纤维保持在新的位置。这是氢键，有助于保持皱纹的断裂和改革，使棉织品要熨。 Cotton is a moderately strong fiber with good abrasion resistance and good dimensional stability. It is resistant to the acids, alkalies, and organic solvents normally available to consumers. But since it
22、is a natural material, it is subject to attack by insects, molds and fungus. Most prominent is the tendency for cotton to mildew if allowed to remain damp.棉花是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性好，中等强度的纤维。这是抵抗酸，碱和有机溶剂，通常提供给消费者。但由于它是一种天然物质，它是受攻击的昆虫，霉菌和真菌。最突出的是棉花霉烂的倾向，如果允许存在潮湿。 Cotton resists sunlight and heat well, althoug
23、h direct exposure to constant strong sunlight will cause yellowing and eventual degradation of the fiber. Yellowing may also occur when cotton goods are dried in gas dryers. The color change is the result of a chemical reaction between cellulose and oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the hot air in the dr
24、yer. Cottons will retain their whiteness longer when line-dried or dried in the electric dryer.棉花抗太阳光和热，虽然直接暴露于恒定的强烈的阳光会引起黄的最终降解纤维。变黄时也可能出现在气干燥器干燥棉织品。颜色的变化是一种化学反应的纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间在热空气中干燥的结果。棉花将保留其白度较长时，线干或在电干燥器中干燥。 Of major interest is the fact that cotton yarn is stronger when wet than when dry. This p
25、roperty is a consequence of the macro-and micro-structural features of the fiber. As water is absorbed, the fiber swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. Usually the absorption of such a large amount of foreign material would cause a high degree of internal stress and lead to weakening of
26、 the fiber. In cotton, however, the absorption of water causes a decrease in the internal stresses. Thus, with less internal stresses to overcome, the swollen fiber becomes stronger. At the same time, the swollen fibers within the yarns press upon each other more strongly. The internal friction stre
27、ngthens the yarns. In addition, the absorbed water acts as an internal lubricant which imparts a higher level of flexibility to the fibers. This accounts for the fact that cotton garments are more easily ironed when damp. Cotton fabrics are susceptible to shrinkage upon laundering.主要感兴趣的是事实，棉纱时干时湿比。
28、此属性的宏观和微观结构特征的纤维的结果。当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。然而，棉花，水的吸收导致的内部应力减少。因此，减少内部应力来克服，肿胀的纤维变得更强。同时，在纱线溶胀纤维按对彼此更强烈。的内部摩擦增强纱线。此外，所吸收的水作为一个内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。这说明棉花衣服更容易熨潮湿时。纯棉织物易收缩对洗钱。 Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, re
29、creational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that are comfortable, readily dried in bright, long-lasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cot
30、ton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrink-resistant finishes. Durable-press properties may be imparted by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkle-resistant fibers, such as polyester.也许比任何其他纤维，棉满足服装，家居家具，休闲的要求，和工业用途
31、。它提供了强大的，面料轻薄，柔软，易干燥，易清洗。在服装，棉提供服装，舒适，容易干燥，在明亮的，持久的色彩，容易照顾。主要的缺点是一种棉纱和棉布收缩起皱的倾向。收缩可以由应用程序的控制防缩整理。免烫性能可以通过化学处理或由棉纤维混纺传授更多的抗皱，如涤纶。 In home furnishings, cotton serves in durable, general-service fabrics. Although they may lack the formal appearance of materials made from other fibers, cotton goods prov
32、ide a comfortable, homey environment. Cotton fabrics have been the mainstay of bed linens and towels for decades, because they are comfortable, durable, and moisture-absorbent. Polyester/cotton blends provide the modern consumer with no-iron sheets and pillowcases that retain a crisp, fresh feel.在居家摆设，耐用是棉花，织物一般服务。虽然他们可能缺乏来自其他纤维材料的形式出现，棉织品提供一个舒适，温馨的环境。棉织物一直是几十年来的床单和毛巾的支柱，因为他们是舒适，耐用，和吸湿剂。涤/棉混纺织物提供没有铁的床单和枕套，保持一个清晰的现代消费，新鲜的感觉。 For recreational use, cotton has traditionally been used for tenting and camping gear, boat sails, tennis shoes and sportswear. Cotton is part
