1、数控机床机电一体化外文文献翻译数控机床机电一体化外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Safavi S M, Mirian S S, Abedinzadeh R, et al. Use of PLC module to control a rotary table to cut spiral bevel gear with three-axis CNC millingJ. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2010, 49(9-12):1069-1077.英文原文Use of PLC module
2、 to control a rotary table to cut spiral bevel gear withthree-axis CNC millingSafavi S M, Mirian S S, Abedinzadeh RAbstractCNC machining nowadays makes more use of HMechatronicsn increasingly. Combining numerical control with mechanic, electric, and data processing systems can lead to new methods of
3、 production. In recent years, the development of CNC has made it possible to perform nonlinear correction motions for the cutting of spiral bevel gears. In this paper, we attempt to manufacture the spiral bevel gear using a three-axis CNC milling machine interfaced with an additional PLC module base
4、d on traditional discontinuous multi-cutting method accomplished by using a universal milling machine interfaced with an indexing work head This research consists of (a) geometric modeling of the spiral bevel gear, (b) simulating the traditional and our new nontraditional method using a CAD/CAE syst
5、em, (c) process planning for CNC machining and PLC Programming, (d) experimental cuts with a three-axis CNC milling machine were made to discover the validity of the presented method The results demonstrate that invented experimental cutting method of SBGs not only is less expensive than advanced CN
6、C machining but also produces gears in a shorter time in comparison with the traditional cutting. Thereby, it is an economical method in manufacturing of SBGs. Keywords: ear manufacturing Spiral bevel gear .CAD/CAM/CAE CNC PLC AC motor Inveiter Proximity sensors Photoelectric sensors Rotary encoder1
7、IntroductionGears are important precision mechanisms in the field of industrial machinery, used to transmit mechanical power and mechanical movement between parallel shafts, transverse crosses or non-intersecting shafts. Although sometimes invisible, gear is still one of the most important mechanica
8、l components in our industrial civilization. Under a wide variety of conditions, gears will operate at almost unlimited speed The gear processing equipment and process that have been developed have been very advanced and mature. Whether for mass production or small batch production, the process of m
9、achining gears requires the following four steps, whether in a small workshop or a batch processing workshop:(1)Cutting(2)cutting teeth(3)Heat treatment(4)GrindingAccording to their type, application range and strength and stiffness requirements, gears are usually manufactured through casting, extru
10、sion, forging, powder metallurgy, injection molding and hobbing. In this series of machining processes, the spiral bevel gear is the most complicated kind of gear, and it is used to transmit rotary motion between the angled horizontal axes. In the direction of the tooth length, the spiral bevel gear
11、 has a radially curved tooth profile curve This kind of gear can ensure a smooth engagement with the mating gears, mainly because they have a curved profile that outperforms the spur gears, so that they will contact and engage more teeth at the same time. The design and manufacture of spiral bevel g
12、ears is still a hot topic of research It has been used in helicopter transport gear trains, motorcycle gear reducers and other industrial branches For manufacturing, such gears are usually machined from a special machine, such as gear hobbing machines and forming machines. At present, special CNC ma
13、chine tools based on gear tooth processing have been used in industrial practice This may be the reason why the related literature on gear processing is scarce in the public research field. Recently, CNC machine tools based on gear machining have been developed and gradually used in industrial pract
14、ice However, their motion structure is still intrinsically different from industrial CNC milling machines The former is designed for a special tool. Previous research on gears mainly related to the design and analysis of gears. While studying its geometric features and design parameters, Tsai and Ch
15、in provide a mathematical surface model for bevel gears (spur gears, helical bevel gears) based on gear transmission in the tangential direction and involute gear geometry. Later, this scheme was compared with A-daccak et al. and Shunmugan et al. based on a precision spherical involute gear surface
16、model to arrive at a completely different model. Based on the nominal deviation, the accuracy (compared with the use of a special machine tooling spiral bevel gear) has been verified.For crown gears, some conclusions are feasible Litvin and Kim proposed the use of Fan Cheng method to obtain involute
17、 curves by improving the base circle of spur gears Using the modified measured value of the helical gear transmission error, Umeyama designed a standard profile on the pitch circle and designed an improved profile on the upper and lower surfaces of the face gear. Tamura et al. developed a point cont
18、act model for a bevel gear with a flat tooth profile These studies are related to the return tooth profile of those special gear processing machines (eg gear hobbing machines, forming machines) specially designed for machining gears Suh et al. studied the feasibility of the processing method for the
19、 engraving surface of spiral bevel gears, and verified the possibility of using a four-axis CNC milling machine with a gyration-swing lifting platform to generate machining trajectories. At the same time, a model-based verification method for helical bevel gears has also been proposedIn this paper,
20、we will try a new machining process for spiral bevel gears, using a three-axis milling machine with a PLC module that can be used to control the index table. Obviously, the productivity of this processing method is not as good as that of special-puipose machine tools. In addition to productivity, th
21、e advantages of this processing method are as follows: (1) Traditional processing methods require large investment costs to obtain various special machine tools, and the types of gears, sizes, and geometries that are selected for tool processing are also very limited; (2) With this new processing me
22、thod, various types of gears can be machined through industrial three-axis CNC milling machines; (3) Compared with the use of specialpurpose machine tools, this method is more economical. A different focus from previous work is that in order to simulate the entire process and obtain the processing p
23、arameters, an automated computer model needs to be developed All previous studies are calculating complex mathematical equations and designing geometric models In view of the above, our focus is on the experimental testing of spiral bevel gears rather than the geometric or mathematical model of heli
24、cal bevel gears. This is the first time to use a mechatronic machine and a CNC milling machine to process special gears and even a mechanical component.2Helical bevel gear geometryIn general, the geometry of a gear is given by engineering drawings. For defining its geometry, some parameters (main pa
25、rameters) are necessary. For this purpose, we use the drive element development software named HGearTraxn to calculate these main parametersThe design of spiral bevel gears requires high-precision mathematical calculations, and the production of such gear transmissions requires not only high-quality
26、 equipment and machine tools that process such gear trains, but also the need to extend appropriate machine parameter settings. Although this setting is not up to standard, it also needs to be able to guarantee theThe design of each condition of the motion requirement (according to the geometric par
27、ameters of the gear transmission and the development tool) is determined3Processing spiral bevel gearFrom the discussion in the introduction, we know that all types of gears can be processed to achieve all the required specifications, and the processing methods for high-precision gears are still exc
28、ellent. Forming Milling is the most common machining procedure for machining any type of gear. The props used all have the same shape as the adjacent gear teeth gap Standard tools are commonly used for forming and cutting gears In the United States, each of these cutters is 8 times the original diam
29、eter and is used to machine the multi-tooth gears indicated on the standard table. Gleason Corporation is based on the general concept of bevel gears developed to complement the principle of crown gears: large and small meshed gears can be considered separately and surface hobbing is usedFan Chengs
30、crown gear can be considered as a special helical gear with a helix angle of 90 degrees Therefore, the generic tenn gear gear emerged. When the mating face of the generated large and small gears is conjugated, consideration can be given to supplementing the concept of vanishing crown gears .In pract
31、ice, the teeth of the gears may differ from one another in order to match the mismatched tooth surfaces The rotation of the gear is reflected by the cradle rotation on the gea匚To process spiral bevel gears with a three-axis CNC milling machine, we should first enjoy program testing of the CAD/CAM sy
32、stems geometry modeling and simulation module. Use commercial software Solidworks to create CAD models and MSCs. Visual NASTRAN 4D software (a CAE mechanical motion analysis system using a 3D model) was used to simulate gear machining and analyze the resultsFor the structure of the machine tool, it
33、is obvious that the history of the rotary motion of the workpiece on the spiral bevel gear CNC machinetool is necessary. Based on the analysis of its cutting performance, through a one-step installation, the spiral bevel gear CNC machining can at least achieve the requirements of four-axis control.
