1、动词不定式学生动词不定式一、动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式是由 构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。A.不定式的一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy. （同时发生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. （to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）B不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be r
2、aining when I got there. C 不定式的完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. D 不定式的完成进行式：不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 比较：不定式的时态意义。 He is said to be studying abroad. （不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad. （不定式的
3、完成式表示动作已经结束）E 不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式 的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。1一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 2完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. F. 不定式的否定形式：不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。 We decide
4、d not to go out because of the bad weather. 注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up. I promised not to wake him up. 二、动词不定式的用法动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。A动词不定式作主语：不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。 1不定式短语在句首作主语 To say is one thing and to do is another. To love and to be loved is the greatest
5、 happiness one can get. 2用it作形式主语 人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 注意： 当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. B 动词不定式作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 注意： 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上
6、是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame. C 动词不定式作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1作动词的宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 必背： 可接不定式作宾语的动词有： decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish refuse,manage,care,pretend, offer,promise,choose,plan agree,ask/beg,help考考
7、自己： afford agree aim ask attempt begin care choose continue decide desire determine expect fail forget + to dohate hope intend manage mean offer plan prefer pretend promise refuse remember try want wish 在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形 式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it pos
8、sible to work out the problem without a computer. She made it a rule to get up at five. 在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。I had intended to call on you. I had expected to meet him here last night. We had meant to stay there a week. 2作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和excep
9、t的宾语。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 注：在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。Last night I did nothing but watch TV 但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍 须带toThe doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking
10、There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent I have no choice but here. He did nothing last Sunday but his bike. 3作形容词的宾语 不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager
11、, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensi
12、ve, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 This problem is easy to solve. The water is not fit to drink. She is hard to get along with. 注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The river is dangerous to swim in. A spring mattress is comfort
13、able to sleep on. D 动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词 不定式的逻辑主语。1 在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。五看：look at, see, , watch, notice, observe三让：let, make, have 与不带有to的不定式连用，二听：hear, listen to 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to一感：feelWhat would you have me do？ She made him give up smoking. 以hear为例：hear
14、+宾语+ 看见宾语做了 hear+宾语+ 看见宾语正在做 hear+宾语+ 看见宾语正在被做 hear+宾语+ 看见宾语被做I heard her sing an English song just now. （主动，完成）I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. （主动，正在进行）I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. （被动，正在进行）Id like
15、to hear the plan carried out. （被动，没有一定的时间性） I saw him cross the road. 被动语态He was seen to cross the road. The boy was made to go to bed early. 改为主动语态： We saw the car stop. 改为被动语态 3在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或
16、名词”结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. He proved that theory (to be) very important. 4在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。如：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. I dont want there to be any trouble. 5动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command
17、, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。 We dont allow such things to happen again. Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. Please remind me to le
18、ave her this note. She requested him to go with her. 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 【 】I hope you to give me a hand. 【 】I hope you can give me a hand. 【 】I wish you to give me a hand. 【 】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【 】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.
19、 【 】He required us to be present at the meeting. 【 】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【 】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 6动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive. Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. The UN has called on both sides to obse
20、rve the ceasefire. E 动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关 系、同位关系和修饰关系。1主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. The next train to arrive was from New York. 2动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. T
21、he teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. He can find no one to make friends with. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词， He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on. 如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省
22、略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. She has a child to take care of. There is nothing to worry about. 3同位关系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 4修饰关系 Now it is time to begin our c
23、lass. I need somewhere to take a nap. F 动词不定式作状语:不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. To save the child, he laid down his life. 注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： （判断对错 ） wrong：To save money,every mean
24、s has been tried. right：To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。 wrong：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。 2表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. After the meeting, they parted, never to
25、see each other again. 必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。 1） so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 2） such . as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 3） enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 5） too .
26、to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：too.to.结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不表示结果， 也没有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. He is too anxious to know the examination results. 3表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. She wept to find
27、him in such a difficult situation. 4表示条件 A man would be blind not to see that. How can you catch the train to start so late 三、动词不定式的几种常见结构 A.不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑 主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“for + 名词（代词）+ 不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构，这 种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。 This box is too heavy for the li
28、ttle boy to carry. Thats for you to decide. He stood aside for me to pass. I have some books for you to read. Bbe + 不定式结构 be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. You are not to stand here. 2表示计划或安排 We are to begin the work next month. Whats to be done next? C疑问词 + 不定式结构 疑
29、问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可 作主语、宾语和表语。 I dont know whether to go to the meeting or not. The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers. When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. DWith/without + 名词 + 不定式结构 with/without + 名词 + 不定式”结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. EIt is + 形容词 + for/of sb + to do 结构 在“It is +形容词+ of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwis
