1、英语期末考试汇编第一单元7、But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns“bedroom suburbs,”and many of us,without small children as icebreakers,would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情况是居住和工作都在同一个地方的人极少，对更多的人来说家成了一个仅仅用来睡觉的地方。我
2、们的居住地被叫做“近郊居住区”，由于没有了孩子像过去那样起到沟通邻里关系的作用，许多人感到要叫出跟我们同住一条街的所有人的名字是件极不容易的事。8、Its not that we are more isolated today.Its that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships,a major portion of our everyday social lives,from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home,the workplac
3、e becomes our neighborhood.这不是说我们今天被分得更开了，而是好多人已经部分的友谊和大部分的日常社交生活从家里转移到了办文室。随着越来越多的人走出家门去工作，工作的地方就变成了我们的街区。11、Not all the neighborhoods are empty,nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently,she knows more
4、about the people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasnt just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies,cities,and states.We assume that we have something“in common”with other
5、 teachers,nurses,city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。12、Its not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country s
6、till identified themselves as members of the Italian community,the Irish communtiy,the Polish community.They sought out and assumes connection with people from the old country,Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity,the way we replaced neig
7、hborhood with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile professions.People who move from city to city seem to put roots into their professions.In an age of specialists,they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到
8、美国的我们的祖辈们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。I remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend se
9、veral pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.The men knew they were_good.When I talked with them,each expressed enormous_pride_in being a part of the fastest,best team.And this sense of belonging to_an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of t
10、he world of_work_.Unlike many other aspects of life,relationships among people at work_tend_to be simpler,less complicated,somewhat less emotional.This is_not_to say there arent arguments and jealousies,but,on the whole_,behavioral research discloses that_human relations at work are just easier,perh
11、aps because they are more regular and predictable and_thus_simpler to adjust to than the sporadic,the more intense and_less_regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust_to one another so that the“rough edges”are worked off_because
12、 people know they must do certain things with_and through one another each day.Beyond_the team and the work group,there is the organization,whether it be company or hospital or university.The same_pride in being part of a well-coordinated,successful unit is_derived_from being part of a larger collec
13、tivity.Working for a company that is_thought_of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with_both status and self-confidence.They assume,usually with good reasons,that others regard them more highly,even envy them,and that they are more competent_than the average because of
14、this association with a“winner,”a prestigious institution.11Notalltheneighborhoodsareempty,noriseveryworkplaceafriendlyplayground.Mostofushavehadmixedexperiencesintheseenvironments.Yetasonewomantoldmerecently,sheknowsmoreaboutthepeopleshepassesonthewaytoherdeskthanonherwayaroundtheblock.Ournewsenseo
15、fcommunityhasntjustmovedfromhousetoofficebuilding.Thelabelsthatwewearconnectuswithmembersfromdistantcompanies,cities,andstates.Weassumethatwehavesomething“incommon”withotherteachers,nurses,cityplanners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区
16、的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。12Itsnotunliketheexperienceofourimmigrantgrandparents.ManywhocametothiscountrystillidentifiedthemselvesasmembersoftheItaliancommunity,theIrishcommunity,thePolishcommunity.Theysoughtoutandassumedconnectionswithpeoplefromtheo
17、ldcountry.Manyofushaveupdatedthatexperience.Wehavereplacedethnicidentitywithprofessionalidentity,thewaywereplacedneighborhoodwiththeworkplace.Thiswholerealignmentofcommunityissurelymostobviousamongthemobileprofessions.Peoplewhomovefromcitytocityseemtoputrootsintotheirprofessions.Inanageofspecialists
18、,theymayhavetosearchhardertofindpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguage.这有点像最初移民来到美国的我们的祖辈们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。The 21s
19、t century feels like a letdown.We were promised flying cars,space colonies and 15-hour workweeks.Robots were supposed to do our chores,except when they were organizing rebellions;children were supposed to learn about disease from history books;portable fusion reactors were supposed to be on sale at
20、the Home Depot.Even dystopian visions of the future predicted leaps of technology and social organization that leave our era in the dust.Looking beyond the blinking lights and whirring gizmos,though,the new century is shaping up as one of the most amazing periods in human history.Three great transit
21、ions set in motion by the Industrial Revolution are reaching their culmination.After several centuries of faster-than-exponential growth,the worlds population is stabilizing.Judging from current trends,it will plateau at around nine billion people toward the middle of this century.Meanwhile extreme
22、poverty is receding both as a percentage of population and in absolute numbers.If China and India continue to follow in the economic footsteps of Japan and South Korea,by 2050 the average Chinese will be as rich as the average Swiss is today;the average Indian,as rich as todays Israeli.As humanity g
23、rows in size and wealth,however,it increasingly presses against the limits of the planet.Already we pump out carbon dioxide three times as fast as the oceans and land can absorb it;midcentury is when climatologists think global warming will really begin to bite.At the rate things are going,the world
24、s forests and fisheries will be exhausted even sooner.21世纪的感觉就像一个让人失望。我们被许诺飞行汽车，太空殖民地和15小时工作周。机器人应该做的事情我们做家务，除非他们组织叛乱;孩子们应该了解病从历史书;便携式核聚变反应堆被认为即将发售在Home Depot。即使是反乌托邦的未来的前景预测，留下我们这个时代的除尘技术和社会组织的飞跃。我们要超越闪烁的灯光和呼呼的小玩意儿，不过，新世纪正成为人类历史上最惊人的时期之一。工业革命运动中设置的三大转向正在达到自己的巅峰之作。经过几个世纪快于指数增长，世界人口正趋于稳定。从目前的趋势来看，它会在
25、高原九点左右十亿人民对本世纪中叶。同时赤贫消退后两者占人口的比例和绝对数量。如果中国和印度继续关注日本和韩国的经济脚步，到2050年，平均每个中国将丰富的平均瑞士今天;普通印度人，丰富今天的以色列。作为人类生长在大小和财富，但是，它日益压靠在行星的极限。我们已经快三倍泵出二氧化碳作为海洋和陆地能吸收它;到本世纪中叶是当气候学家认为全球变暖将真正开始咬人。在利率事情进展，世界森林和渔业将更早耗尽。第二单元11、Mother would have liked it better if I could have grown up to be President or a rich businessm
26、an,but much as she loved me,she did not deceive herself.Before I was out of grade school,she could see I lacked the gifts for either making millions or winning the love of crowds.After that she began nudging me toward working with words.假如我现在是总统或者是富有的商人，妈妈应该会更满意的。虽然母亲很爱我，但她并没有欺骗自己。在我高中毕业之时，她就意识到了我缺少
27、那种日进斗金或博取群众爱戴的能力。从那以后她就开始把我往写作的道路上推。12、Words ran in her family.There seemed to be a word gene that passed down from her maternal grandfather.He was a school teacher,his daughter Lulie wrote poetry,and his son Charlie became New York correspondent for the Bltimore Herald.In the turn-of-thecentury Sou
28、th,still impoverished by the Civil War,words were a way out.母亲的家族有从事写作的传统。从她的外公开始似乎就有一种语言基因代代相传。她的外公是一位教师，他的女儿露利是诗人，儿子查理后来成了巴尔的摩先驱报的通讯员。在世纪之交，南方还没有从因为内战而大伤气的状态下恢复过来，写作在当时是一条谋生之路。19,Seven years later I was assigned by the Sun to cover the White House.For most reporters,being White House correspondent
29、 was as close to heaven as you could get.I was 29 years old and puffed up with pride.I went to see my mothers delight while telling her about it.I should have known better.7年之后，我被巴尔的摩太阳报任命为驻白宫记者。对于大多数记者而言，成为驻白宫记者被看成是离上天只有一步之遥。那时我29岁，踌躇满志。我回有对母亲讲自己晋升的事想看到她高兴。但结果却出乎我的预料。27、In time there would be an at
30、tack on the values my mother preached and I have lived by.When the country began to pull apart in the 1960s and 70s,people who admitted to wanting to amount something were put down as materialists idiotically wasting their lives in the“rat race.”The word“gumption”vanished from the language.母亲一直宣扬而且我
31、一直遵循的价值观终于开始遭到攻击。二十世纪六七十年代，这个国家的价值观念开始分化。那些承认自己想要获得成功的人被鄙视为在“激烈竞争”的凡尘中愚蠢地浪费生命的物质主义者。“进取精神”这个词开始从我们的语言中消失。Around 1970,psychologist Walter Mischel_launched_a classic experiment.He left a succession of 4-year-olds in a room_with_a bell and a marshmallow(药葵蜜饯).If they rang the bell,he would come back an
32、d they could eat the marshmallow.If,_however,they didnt ring the bell and waited for him to come back_on_his own,they could then have two marshmallows.In videos of the experiment,you can see the children kicking and_hiding_their eyes-desperately trying to exercise_self-control so they can wait and get two marshmallows.Their performance_varied widely.Some broke down and rang the bell within a minute.Others lasted 15 minutes.The children who waited longer went on t
