1、护航班春季讲义写作任务型+书面表达223高考英语护航班讲义 写作部分 任务型阅读P2-P15 书面表达P16-P45高考英语任务型阅读“高频词用法”第一组“观点类”（opinion/view/attitude/idea/thought/mind）Opinion意见、想法（feelings or thoughts） (about/of/on)View1.(a personal)看法、意见、见解、态度 （about/on）2.(理解或思维的)方式/方法 （a way） （of）Attitude态度、看法 （to/towards）Idea想法、构思、主意（a plan, thought or sug
2、gestion）(for/of)意见、看法、信念（an opinion or a belief） (about)3.目标、意图 （of）Thought1.想法、看法、记忆 （of）2.关心、关怀、顾虑、忧虑 （a feeling of care or worry） (for)3.意图、打算；希望、念头（an intention or hope）(of)Mind心思（thoughts, interest）第二组“原因类”（reason/cause/explanation）Reason原因、理由、解释 （for）正当理由、道理、情理 （to do/for）Cause理由、动机（a reason）
3、(for)原因 Explanation解释、说明、阐述 （for）解释性文字、说明性文字第三组“对比因果类”（advantage/function/quality/significance/disadvantage/problem/consequence/result/outcome/effect/response）Advantage优点优势、有利条件 （over）Function功能、机能（a special activity or purpose of a person or thing）Quality质量、品质Significance（尤指对未来有影响的）重要性、意义Disadvanta
4、ge不利因素、障碍 （of/to）Consequence 后果、结果 （for）Result 后果、结果 （of）Outcome结果、效果（the result or effect）Effect效应、影响、效果（the effect of heat on metal）(艺术家或作家所要创造的)外观声响效果Rsponse反应、响应（a reaction） （to）回复、答复（spoken or written）（to）第四组“方法类”（way/solution/method）Way方法、手段、途径、方式 (to do sth./of doing sth.)Solution解决方法、处理手段（to
5、）答案、谜底(to sth.)Method方法、办法、措施(a particular way) (of/for)第五组“目标类”（prediction/expectation/hope/aim/purpose/dream）Prediction预言、预测Expectation预期、期待 （of）希望、盼望 期望、指望Hope希望(a belief that sth. you want will happen) (of/for)希望期望的事情（东西）Dream梦想、理想Aim目的、目标Purpose(the intention)意图、（aim）目的、（function）用途/目标第六组“意见类”（
6、suggestion/advice）Suggestion建议、提议 （for/about/on）Advice劝告、忠告、建议、意见 （on）第七组“信息类”（news/information/content/period）News消息、音信媒体对重要事情的新闻报道Information信息、情报 （about/on）Content主题、主要内容Period人生或国家历史的阶段时期（时代）1(11江苏)When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?Why Difficult?When we wrong someone we know, even not
7、intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which e
8、very expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmon
9、ywhile an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly?Why Now?The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent.
10、 During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology cultureapologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoo
11、ns, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.Why Bother?Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. Th
12、ey are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Le
13、aders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.Why Refuse?Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are p
14、ublic figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as w
15、e shall see, but it is a high-risk strategy.When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?Why is it so difficult to apologize publicly?Public apology is much more than a personal (71)_.Its no (72)_ job to strike a balance between apologizing or not.Apologies not (73)_ offered can bring on individual a
16、nd institutional ruin.Why has the issue of public apology been so (74)_ now in the USA?In an apology (75)_, admission of all sorts of wrongdoings is more required than before.The (76)_ importance of public apologies has been widely reported in the mass media.Why do leaders bother so much about publi
17、c apologies?Being public figures, leaders are (77)_ to appear strong and capable.There needs to be a sufficient reason for a leader to apologize in (78)_.Why do leaders often refuse to apologize publicly?Making apologies is (79)_ to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky.Admission
18、 of a mistake or wrongdoing will probably do (80)_ to their organization.2(10江苏)For more than twenty years scientists have been seeking to understand the mystery of thesixth senseof directionBy trying out ideas and solving problems one by one，they are now getting closer to one answerOne funny idea i
19、s that animals might have a built-in compass(指南针)Our earth itself is a big magnet(磁体)So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and southWhen people discovered that idea about athousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to
20、 navigate (航海)on oceanvoyages, even under cloudy skies. Actuallly the idea of the living compass came just from observing animals in nature Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homesSome of them fly for thousands of kilometers and mostly at nightExperiments have show
21、n that some birds can recognize star patternsBut they can keep on course even under cloudy skiesHow can they do that?A common bird that does not migrate but is great at finding its way home is the homing pigeonNot all pigeons can find their way homeThose that can are very good at it，and they have be
22、en widely studiedOne interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds heads to block their magnetic sensejust as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinnerOn sunny days, that did not fool the pigeonsEvidently they can use the sun to tell which way they are goingBut on cl
23、oudy days，the pigeons with magnets could not find their wayIt was as if the magnets had blocked their magnetic senseSimilar experiments with the same kind of results were done with honeybeesThese insects also seem to have a special sense ot directionIn spite of the experiments，the idea of an animal
24、compass seemed pretty extraordinaryHow would an animal get the magnetic stuff for a compass？An answer came from an unexpected sourceA scientist was studying bacteria that live in the mud of ponds and marshesHe found accidentally little rod-like bacteria that all swam together in one directionnorthFu
25、rther study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside，which proved magneticThe bacteria had made themselves into little magnets that could line up with the earths magnetThe big news was that a living thing，even a simple bacterium，can make magnetiteThat led to a search t
26、o see whether animals might have it. By using a special instrument called magnetometer，scientists were able to find magnetite in bees and birds，and even in fishIn each animal，except for the beethe magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brainThusthe idea of a builtin animal compass began to se
27、em reasonableThe Magnetic Sense The Living CompassPassage outlineSupporting detailsThe existence of the earth magnet and the invention of the navigating compassOur earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.(72) on the i
28、dea above, the navigating compass was invented.The possibility of birds built-in compasses One piece of evidence is the (73) of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes. Birds can recognize star patterns on clear nights and keep on course (74) under cloudy skies The (75) on pigeons and
29、 bees built-in compassesLittle magnets were tied to the pigeons heads to (76) their magnetic sense.The pigeons magnetic sense seemed to be affected on (77) days.Similar things with the same results were done with bees.The (78) of the magnetic stuff for the animal compassLittle rod-like bacteria were
30、 found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79) .Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80) inside their bodies.3(09江苏)Communication PrinciplesHow you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate“Every individual exists in a continually
31、 changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send themBut every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communicationA studentfor instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesnt like the fact that I dont agree with his opinionsand thats why he gave me such a poor grade
