1、短文写作应试技巧短文写作应试技巧一、要求与评分标准1.考纲规定：考生要在30分钟内按要求写出一篇150词的短文，形式可以是按所给的提纲写短文，或描述图表，写内容提要、概述等。本题15分。2.写作评分标准主要围绕四个方面评判：1）内容切题；2）能准正确表达思想；3）意义连贯；4）无重大语法错误。一篇好的短文应该观点明确，思路清晰，论述有力、准确，语言正确，文字简洁、流畅、连贯，结构严谨。这其中，全文的主旨句和主题句发挥着重要核心作用。主旨句是全文的核心，主题句是段落的中心，文章和段落的内容要围绕其展开。由于考试配备提纲，因此写好段落是写好短文的关键。段落的组成分为三部分:主题句（Topic Se
2、ntence)、推展句（Development Sentences)结论句（Concluding Sentence).二、写作技巧主题句的作用：是全段的核心句，读者通过主题句能了解段落的中心思想。一个好的主题句还能限制话题所谈论的范围，表明段落展开的方向及方法。主题句的位置：在段首；在段落中间；在段首段尾同时出现；一般来说，写100多字的小短文，把主题句放在段首更有利于扣准中心思想展开论述。主题句的写作技巧怎样写好主题句：在构思主题句时要注意以下几个方面：主题句首先应是一个完整的句子，任何词组或修饰成份都不能作主题句。主题句不应太笼统概括。如：William Shakespeare is gr
3、eat这句话很笼统，对段落如何展开没有指导和限定作用，因而不能作主题句。如改为：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,则下文就能围绕莎氏的历史剧展开论述了。主题句不能太具体。各段的主题句应相互照应。1.依据归纳法或演绎法进行论述:-依据归纳法展开段落是指在段落中先引用具体事实或因由进行阐述或论述，进而得出结论。-演绎法则是由一般推出特殊情况的结论。段落展开的方法Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems that mankind faces today.Air
4、,water,soil-all of which are harmed by pollution-are necessary to the survival of all living things.Badly polluted air can cause illness and even death.Polluted water kills fish and other marine life.Pollution of the soil reduces the amount of land on which we can grow food.Environmental pollution a
5、lso brings ugliness to the naturally beautiful world.2.依据重要性展开段落依据思想、事实或理由的重要性的先后次序进行论述，可以从次要到重要，也可以从重要到次要。3.依据比较和对比法进行论述一般说来，比较是指对事物的相同方面进行比较；对比是指对事物的差异或不同方面。4.依据时间的先后进行论述依据时间的先后次序展开段落，就是完全按照事物实际发展的时间先后进行论述。5.依据空间顺序展开段落可以有序的由远及近或由近及远、由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。段落或文章的结尾方法很多，比如在文章的杰伦段落提出问题，让读者自己去解答；引用谚语或名人名言进一
6、步印证作者的观点；或将前面所讲的内容重点摘述等。以下是几种常用的方法：1）回答段落主题句暗示的问题2）呼应主题句中的关键词，使用关键词的同义词重复段落的中心思想3）将段落中所论述的内容以摘要的方式进行总结。4）以提问的方式结束段落5）使用过度词给文章或段落作结论 写好结尾句三、不同类型作文应对技巧写作考题主要包括一下几种类型：1.标题加提纲式作文（提纲可能是英文也可能是中文）2.图表作文3.读后感：主要考验考生的语言归纳和概括能力，又称为:给材料作文、阅读体会题等，在写此类作文之前，应仔细阅读材料，找出材料的主旨再组织语言。4.看图作文5.写摘要四、写作常用句型或词语1.常用于文章开始的过渡词
7、语和句子To begin with,Generally speaking,First of all,recently,With(the development/progress/growth)of(economy/society)2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子In conclusion,in brief,in a word,It is high time that到时候了It is only whenthat只有当才3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词和句子1）first,second,third2）To begin with,moreover,finally3)meanwhile4)since
8、then自此之后5）therefore因而4.常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子As a result,due to,consequently,One may criticizefor,but the real cause of lies deeper.（人们可以因为批评,但是的真正原因在更深层次。)Among reasons,one should be emphasized that 在众多的原因中，其中一点应给与强调5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词Unlike与不同，In contrast与之相比On the other hand另一方面Likewise同样Similarly同样过渡
9、词类总汇1.递进In addition,too,moreover,and,besides,furthermore,next,then,also,equally important,again,whats more,first,second,in the first place,first of all,firstly,secondly,to begin with,in the second place,finally,for one thingfor another过渡词类总汇2.让步although it is true thatgranted that假设/假定I admit that A
10、dmittedly(无可否认的）,It may appear thatnaturally,while it may be true that过渡词类总汇3.比较与对比similarly,in the same way,likewise,in common,but,yet,however,in contrast to(与形成对比)by contrast,despite,instead,rather than,on the contrary,whereas,while,though,yet,otherwise,on the one handon the other hand过渡词类总汇4.强调es
11、pecially,in particular,particularly,above all,certainly,indeed,in fact,surely,obviously,most important of all,even worse,needless to say,no doubt,undoubtedly,to be sure,I am certain without a doubt过渡词类总汇5.因果because,because of,as,since,for,owing,due to,on account of,on the ground of,as a result of,th
12、erefore,thus,as a result,so,it follows that,accordingly,consequently,on the account过渡词类总汇6.举例for example,for instance,namely,specially,such as,to be specific,to illustrate,the following example,as a case in point(恰当的例子）,in particular,specifically,as follows,as an illustration过渡词类总汇7.概括in short,in br
13、ief,in summary,generally,as has been noted,to conclude,on the whole,in any event,as mentioned earlier,to sum up,to summarize,in conclusion,as a result,in the final analysis,overall,as a rule(通常/一般说来）,for the most part,in most cases,on the whole写作常用结构句型1.The above picture illustrates a very common an
14、d interesting phenomenon in our society.In the picture it describes that.The same is true in our daily life.In our reality,it is common to see.It is obvious that2.It goes without saying that the cartoon aims at revealing in China.As is depicted in the first picture,.The second picture is in sharp co
15、ntrast to the first one.From the pictures we can see that.写作常用结构句型3.There is a heated discussion today on the issue of.Those who criticize argue that.They believe that.But people who advocate,on the other hand,argue that.4.When it comes to,most people would believe that;but other people regardas.5.W
16、hen asked about,the vast majority of people say that;but other people viewas写作常用结构句型6.Now,it is commonly believed that.These people believe that.They argue that.But so far as I am concerned,I am in favor of.My position can be supported by the following facts.7.Nowadays it is widely accepted that.One example that can illustrate it is that.Another example is that.All these show that.写作常用结构句型8.Last month,a friend of mine had an unexpected experience.He.His story is not rare.It has now drawn public
