1、中小学资料四川省宜宾市一中学年高中英语中心发言提纲四川省宜宾市一中2017-2018学年高中英语中心发言提纲专题09阅读理解（科技说明文）1.【2017年高考江苏卷英语】B Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could
2、rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia
3、 Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that s
4、erved as their regular feed me! call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then th
5、ey identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called
6、 to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neu
7、rological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need? Kleindorfer asks. Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.58.The underlined phrase in Parag
8、raph 1 means_. A. be the worst B. be the best C. be the as bad D. be just as good59. What are Kleindorfers findings based on? A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C. The data collected from Queenslands locals. D. Controlled experim
9、ents on wrens and other birds.60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which _. A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call 60. C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice we
10、re rewarded with the most food和最后一段Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。2.【江苏省泰州市泰州中学2018届高三上学期开学考试】BThe ability to speak more than one language certainly has its special benefits. It enables you to work in anoth
11、er country or interact with people whose language is different from your mother tongue. Cognitive（认知的） psychologists have been interested in how bilingualism（双语能力）shapes the mind for almost a century. There are those who suggest that in order to speak one language, bilinguals have to suppress（抑制）the
12、 influence of the other. In the past three decades, research had argued that this unique form of language processing trains the brain in the use of abilities known as executive（执行的）functions such as ignoring irrelevant information or shifting attention. Bilinguals of different ages and cultural back
13、grounds have been shown to be faster and more accurate than their monolingual（单语的）peers when performing cognitive tasks demanding these abilities. Furthermore, it has been argued that bilingualism may lead to a delayed onset（发作）of symptoms associated with dementia（痴呆）. But the scientific community r
14、ecently has become increasingly skeptical of the bilingual advantage. One of the main points of criticism is that differences between monolinguals and bilinguals when it comes to executive functions are not always apparent. It appears that research on bilingualism is at a turning point. We need to p
15、ursue a new approach to understand, beyond those individual examples of executive functions, how the bilingual mind works. We have attempted to address this challenge by testing whether bilinguals and monolinguals differ in terms of how accurately they can assess their own performances. This ability
16、 is called meta cognition and is associated with other areas where bilinguals have been shown to have an advantage. In our research, we presented participants with a situation in which they had to observe two circles on a screen and guess which one contained more dots. Sometimes the difference was o
17、bvious, making the decision easy, while at other times the decision was very difficult (for example, one circle contained 50 dots and the other 49). Participants were then asked to determine how confident they were in their decision on a scale from less to more confident than normal. During the cour
18、se of two experiments, we found that bilinguals and monolinguals were equally likely to choose the circle containing the highest number of dots. However, monolinguals were better able than bilinguals to discriminate between when they were right and when they were wrong. In other words, bilinguals ha
19、d less insight into their performance than monolinguals. This went against our initial predictions, as we expected to find a bilingual advantage in meta cognitive processing. These results indicate that bilingualism may be associated with cognitive disadvantages as well as benefits. 1. From Paragrap
20、h 2 we can learn that nowadays the scientific community_. A. has denied the special benefits of bilingualismB. has changed its way to understand how the bilingual mind worksC. thinks there is almost no difference between monolinguals and bilingualsD. tries to prove whether monolinguals have more adv
21、antages than bilinguals2. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By analyzing causes. B. By describing a process. C. By following time order. D. By making a comparison. 3. What is the authors attitude towards bilingualism? A. Supportive. B. Doubtful. C. Objective. D. Ambiguous. 【答案】BDC【分析】1.
22、细节判断题。根据第二段的It appears that research on bilingualism is at a turning point. We need to pursue a new approach to understand, beyond those individual examples of executive functions, how the bilingual mind works.可知现在研究对于双语思维如何工作的理解方法发生了改变。2. 推理判断题。题目问：最后一段如何发展？根据最后一段的内容不难看出是将双语和一种语言进行了对比，故选D。3. 推理判断题。
23、从文中来看，作者既提及了双语的好处，也提到了双语的缺点，如最后一段中的In other words, bilinguals had less insight into their performance than monolinguals.。所以态度应该是“客观的”。 3.【南京、盐城20162017学年第一次模拟考试】CA little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether youre a human or a chimpanzee (黑猩猩). A new study that followed a chim
24、panzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, she
25、d light on the physiological effects of close companionship in chimpanzees and could have implications for human health too.Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.“It can have effects on immune function, c
26、ardio function, fertility, cognition, and even your mood,” said study coauthor Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (humans included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists
27、have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.“Social bonds make you survive and produce better but how do they do that?” Langergraber said.To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Ugandas Budongo Forest, a group consis
28、ting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower
29、stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.The scientists observed the chimps perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with oth
30、er groups of chimps. The researchers kept track of whether the chimps were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimps in their group.A team of up to six observers watched the chimps and followed them around to collect urine (尿液) samples. The samples, collected from
31、 nine adult male and eight adult female chimps, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.The scientists found that chimpanzees levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially tru
32、e for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimp on the front line might face physical harm or even death.The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.“This has interest for a lot of people in a
