1、二、考查表示因果关系的并列连词 这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。1for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句,而for则连接两个简单句。由并列连词for引导的分句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。2 so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因)+so+简单句(结果)。【考例】I have been trying my
2、best to study English _I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics. 太原市A, until B. because C. though答案B。解析 本题考查连词的用法。until表示“直到才”常用来引导时间状语从句;because因为”用来引导原因状语从句,而though尽管”用来引导让步状语从句。根据主从句的前后关系判断,应该选用表示原因的B项。. Ricky caught a bad cold yesterday, _ he had to stay at home. 南京A. b
3、ecause B. but C. or D. soD because 因为,引导句子;because of因为引导短语But 但是,(表示转折however,whereas),不能够和though/although连用对不起,除了(except)Or 和( and的否定形式),或者,否则(通常是将来时态,表示结果)So 所以,表示结果,不能够和because连用;如此引导形容词/副词。句意为: Ricky昨天得了重感冒,所以他不得不呆在家里。三、考查表示选择关系的并列连词 这类并列句常用并列连词or (或者,否则),eitheror(或是或是;不是就是)等连接前后简单句。 or连接并列成分时,
4、意为“或者,还是”;用于否定句中,意为“也不”,这时不宜用and;还有“否则,要不然”之意,相当于otherwise。【考例】Tom ,keep away from the fire,_ you will get burnt. 河南省A. and B. so C. or D. but解析考查连词。 or是连词“否则”的意思。and表示顺承关系;but表示转折关系;or表示选择关系或转折关系;so表示因果关系。四、考查表示并列关系的并列连词【考例】Study hard, _ youll pass the exam. 长沙市A. or B. and C. but解析 考查并列连词。or表示选择,a
5、nd表示并列,but表示转折。六、考查从属连词1、对连接同等的词、词组或分句的and, but, or, for, neithernor, eitheror, bothand, not onlybut also等并列连词的考查。2、对引导名词性从句或状语从句的when、if、that、because、until、although等从属连词基本用法的考查。3、几组容易混淆的连词或词组。We have been good friends _we joined the same ping-pong team. 陕西省A. after B. before C. since D. until解析 主句是
6、现在完成时,从句是一般过去时,填A、B、D三项其主句都不会用现在完成时。用since表示“自以来,就”。None of the shoes in the shop fit me well. They are _too big_ too small. 昆明市 A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. not only; but also解析 在前句中已经给出了一个前提“商店里的鞋都不适合我”。bothand“和都”;eitheror“或者或者”;neithernor既不也不”;not onlybut also“不但而且”。所以很容易推断出“它们(
7、这些鞋)或者太大,或者太小。”Please take the medicine three times a day, _ it wont work well. ( 浙江)A. andB. butC. orD. so解析:这四个单词都是连词, but表示转折;so有因此之意。and和or 都可以用于祈使句,用and,整个句子相当于if you, youll; 用or相当于if you dont, youll。答案:CHurry up, Jack. We have to get to the station before 11:45 _ we can catch the 12:00 train.
8、( 南通)A. since B. after C. as soon as D. so that本题的前三项都是表示时间的连词,因此不符合句意,so that表明“为了”、“便于”,引导目的状语从句。DI hear a new film is on these days. Shall we go to the cinema together, Lucy and Lily?_Lily_ I will go with you because one of us must be at home to help our father in the garden. ( 宁波)A. Either, nor
9、B. Either, or C. Neither, nor D. Both, and选项A不是一个固定搭配,C表示“既不也不”,选项D表示“和都”,不符合句子的意思,B项则是一个选择的连词。B【语法回顾】连 词 4. 连词的功能用来连接词,短语,从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。5. 并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有:(1)表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。(2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but, w
10、hile等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。6. 从属连词从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有:(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7)
11、引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。7. 常用连词的用法辨析(1) while, when, as这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。1) 当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如:As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.我沿着街道走时,注意到一辆警车。2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。While mother was cook
12、ing lunch, I was doing my homework.当母亲做午饭时,我正在做作业。3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.随着孩子的长大,他们越来越多对周围的事情感兴趣。4) 当两个短动作同时发生时,或表示“一边一边”时,最常用as。She looked behind from time to time as she went.她边走边不时地朝后面看。5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时,通常用whe
13、n。When he finished his work, he took a short rest.当他完成工作后,他进行了短暂的休息。6) 当从句是瞬间动作,主句是延续性动作时,通常用when。When John arrived I was cooking lunch.当约翰到达时,我正在做饭。(2)as, because, since , for这四个词都可表原因,但用法有区别。1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引导的从句往往放在句末。I stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨,所以我呆在家里。-Why are
14、nt you going? 为什么你不走?-Because I dont want to.因为我不想去。2) 如果原因已被人们所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。As he wasnt ready, we left without him.由于他没有准备,我们没有带他。Since I have no money, I cant buy any food.既然我没有钱,我不能卖任何食物。3) for用来补充说明一种理由,因此,for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。I d
15、ecided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling quite hungry.我决定停下来,吃午饭。因我感觉很饿。(3)if, whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.我想知道你是否还在那所学校学习。I dont know whether (if) he likes that film.我不知道他是否喜欢这部电影。在下列情况下,只能用whether,不能用if:1) 引导主语从句时。Whether he w
16、ill come to the party is unknown. 他是否来参加聚会还不知道。2) 引导表语从句时。The question is whether I can pass the exam.问题是我能否通过考试。3) 在不定式前。I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.我还没有决定是否去哪儿。(4)sothat, such.that1) sothat中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such.that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。Im so tired that I cant walk any
17、 farther.我很累,因此不想再走了。It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气,以至于他去游泳。2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时,用so,不用such。He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。(5)eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。Either you
18、or he is wrong.Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。(6)although, but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。我们不能说“Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为:Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as
19、 others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.尽管他已是六十多岁,但他和其他工作一样努力。(7)because, so这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。我们不能说“Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor. 因为约翰病了,所以我带他看医生。辨析(1) because、as
20、、since、for的用法:because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because. as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)As all of you have got he
21、re, now, lets go to the zoo.(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始)(2)if、whether的区别:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,
22、(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。I dont know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的) 注意下列情况只能用whether不能用if:引导主语从句,引导表语从句,引导从句作介词宾语,引导不定式短语,引导让步状语从句,在动词discuss之后,在wonder / not sure之后,在if与whether含义易混时。Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a q
23、uestion.(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题)(引导主语从句) Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语) Hainan is the place to be, whether its summer or winter.(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让步状语从句)Please let me know whether you need my help.(请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)(3)while
24、、when、as的用法区别:while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边一边”。Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我写作业时请不要打扰我)Ill go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活儿就回去)They were running quickly acr
25、oss the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音)As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)(4)till/until与nottill/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(st
26、ay这个动作一直进行到你return) They wont go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的) 另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)(5)th
27、ough与although的区别:两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though; though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)/ she wont leave the TV set, even tho
28、ugh her husband is waiting for her for the supper.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)(6)prefer torather than与preferto的区别:prefer torather than后面都是用动词原形,preferto都是用动名词或名词。I prefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)并列句的分类:1. 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”、“并且”,也可不译出