HIC.docx
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HIC.docx
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HIC
L1.1-IntroToHCI
HCI=“Human-computerinteractionisadisciplineconcernedwiththedesign,evaluationandimplementationofinteractivecomputingsystemsforhumanuseandwiththestudyofmajorphenomenasurroundingthem.”
GoalofHCI
⏹Toproduceuseableandsafesystems,
aswellasfunctionalsystems
❑Functionality-whatcanbedone
❑Usability-matchingtheusers’needs
SomedisciplinesstudiedwithinHCI
Linguistics,Artificialintelligence,Cognitivepsychology,Ergonomics,ComputerScience,GraphicDesign,Anthropology,Aesthetics
L1.2-Usability
Usability=easeofuse
UsabilityGoals:
“Usabilityisgenerallyregardedasensuringthatinteractiveproductsareeasytolearn,effectivetouse,andenjoyablefromtheuser’sperspective.Itinvolvesoptimizingtheinteractionspeoplehavewithinteractiveproductstoenablethemtocarryouttheiractivitiesatwork,school,andintheireverydaylife.”
Designprinciples:
❑Affordance
❑Visibility–可见性
❑Feedback–反馈
❑Constraints–限制
❑Mapping–关系映射
❑MentalModel=ConceptualModel–概念模型
affordancereferstotheperceivedandactualpropertiesofthething,primarilythosefundamentalpropertiesthatdeterminejusthowthethingcouldpossiblybeused.
⏹PerceivedAffordance:
howauserthinksathingcouldbeused
⏹ActualAffordance:
howthethingcanactuallybeused
⏹Poordesignifthetwodonotmatch
Feedback
⏹Givesuserfeedbackonactionthathasbeendone,theresultthathasbeenaccomplished
⏹Givessatisfactiontouser
⏹Allowserrorstobecorrectedquickly
Constraints
Thedesignconceptofrestrainingreferstodeterminingwaysofrestrictingthekindsofuserinteractionthatcantakeplaceatagivenmoment.Therearevariouswaysthatthiscanbeachieved.
-PhysicalConstraints(eg.Jigsawpuzzle)
-CulturalConstraints(eg.KeyboardLayout)
-SemanticConstraints(Reliesonthemeaningofthesituationtocontrolsetofpossibleactions;Semanticconstraintsrelyonourknowledgeofthesituationandoftheworld.eg.motorcycle)
Mapping
Eg.StoveControlsandBurners
Relationshipbetweentwothings.(e.g.betweencontrolsandresults)
-NaturalMapping(takingadvantageofphysicalanalogiesandculturalstandards,leadstoimmediateunderstanding)
MentalModel(MM)=ConceptualModel
⏹Amentalmodel(MM)isanindividualsinternalrepresentationoftheworld“outthere”
⏹MMsarebasedonexperienceandculture
⏹MMscanbewrong
⏹MMsmakepredictions
⏹MMscreateexpectations
L2.0-HumanFactors
Perception
⏹PurposeofthePerceptionslides:
❑Toillustratethatourperceptionofrealityisanabstraction/subsetofwhatisreally“outthere”
❑Tointroduceatheoryofperception:
Constructivism/GestaltPsychology
❑ShowhowGestaltPsychologyisusefulinwebpagedesign
Sensation(感知)&Perception(认知)
⏹Sensationcomesfirst
⏹Brainprocesses/interpretssensations.Thisiscalledperception
⏹Perceptioncandifferfromwhatisreally“outthere”
--Constructivism(构成主义)
⏹Oneofmanytheoriesofperception
⏹Thebraindoesnotcreatepixelbypixelrecordingofscenes
⏹Itcreatesanabstractmodel
⏹Themodelispartiallybasedonexistingknowledge/memories
⏹Imagesareactivelyconstructedbyviewer:
transforming,enhancing,discarding
--GestaltPsychology(格式塔理论)
⏹Gestalt=Shape
⏹AdherestoConstructivism
⏹CentralIdea:
wetendnottoperceivethingsinisolation,butseethemaspartsofawhole
⏹Perceivepatternsinameaningfulway
Proximity–相近性
Similarity–相似性
Closure–封闭性
Continuity–连续性
Symmetry–对称性
Piaget’sClassification
⏹Chronologicalclassificationofdevelopment
⏹Humandevelopmentbrokeninto
agegroups(Periods1,2,3,4)
⏹Needtodeterminewhichagegroupyouaredevelopingaproductfor
⏹BeyondPiaget
MultipleIntelligences–Gardner(1983)
⏹Linguistic
⏹Logical
⏹Spatial
⏹Musical
⏹Bodilykinaesthetic
⏹Interpersonal
⏹Intra-personal
⏹Naturalist(1999)
HemisphericModel(半球模型)
⏹Cognitivestyleofleft/righthemisphericbias
⏹Leftbrain
❑languageandspeechaptitude,analytical,problemssolvers,practical,thinkintermsofsequentialstrategies.
⏹Rightbrain
❑visualizingpatterns,spatialrelationship,imagery,divergentthinkers,imaginative,inventive,abletosimultaneouslyprocessinformation.
L3.0-DesignMethods
WaterfallModel
⏹Good:
❑Clearlydefinedstages(withdeliverables)
❑Easytotrackprogress
❑ManySoftwareEngineersarefamiliarwithit
(itisstilltaughtatuniversities)
⏹Bad:
❑Customersandusersmustknowclearly
whattheywant(andwhatispossible)
❑Userinterfaceusuallyimplementedlast
❑Requirementsare“fixed”
-butinrealitytheykeepchanging
❑Hard/impossibletoincorporatemajorchanges
inthelaterstages
❑Usersonlyinvolvedatthebeginningandtheend
❑
User-CenteredDesign(UCD)
Definition:
User-centereddesign(UCD)isanapproachtodesignthatgroundstheprocessininformationaboutthepeoplewhowillusetheproduct.UCDprocessesfocusonusersthroughtheplanning,designanddevelopmentofaproduct.”
1)UserCentricnotdataortechnologycentric.Involvetheusersasmuchaspossibleinallstagesofdevelopment
2)HighlyIterativeDesignmakinguseofPrototypes
3)HighlyInterdisciplinary.Drawonknowledgefrommultipleareas,likepsychology,etc.
4)EmpiricalMeasurement.Setgoalsandmeasureprogress
Prototypes
⏹PrototypingPlusses:
❑Abetterwaytocollectrequirements
❑Clearspecification
❑Demonstrationoffeasibility
❑Earlytesting
❑Demonstratingprogress
❑Betterfeedbackfromusers
❑Betterdesign
⏹LowFidelityPrototypes:
❑Limitedfunctionality
❑Todepictconcepts
❑Toillustratedesignalternatives
⏹HighFidelityPrototypes:
❑Fullyinteractive.
❑Liketherealapplication
⏹HorizontalPrototypes:
❑Wholesystem
❑Limitedfunctionality(LowFidelity)
❑Nextiteration:
adddetails
⏹VerticalPrototypes:
❑Smallpartofsystem
❑Fullfunctionalityofthatpart(HighFidelity)
❑Nextiteration:
addparts
⏹Throw-awayPrototypes
❑Tobethrownaway
❑MorelikelytobeLowFidelity
❑UsuallyHorizontal
⏹EvolutionaryPrototypes:
❑Builduponeachiteration
❑HastobeHighFidelity
❑UsuallyVertical
❑The“finalprototype”mightgolive
(inasensenotreallyaprototype)
-PaperPrototypes
-HighLevelLanguagePrototype
-EvolutionaryPrototype
DesignRepresentations
⏹StoryBasedDesign
❑Tellavividstoryofanuser’sinteractionwiththeuserinterface
❑Forcustomersandexecutives
⏹ScenarioBasedDesign
❑TaskAnalysis/TextUseCases
❑Fordesigners
⏹ModelBasedDesign
❑Flowcharts/ERDiagrams/UML
❑Fordesigners
⏹Canuseall3inonedesignprocess
L4.0-SomeDefinitions
InteractionDesign(ID)
Designinginteractiveproductstosupportthewaypeoplecommunicateandinteractintheireverydaylives.”
InteractionDesignProcess
⏹Characterisedbythefollowing4components:
1)Identifyingneedsandestablishingrequirementsfortheuserexperience
(UCD#1)
2)Developingalternativedesignsthatmeetthoserequirements
(UCD#2)
3)Buildingiterativeversionsofthedesigns
(UCD#3)
4)Evaluatingwhatisbeingbuiltthroughouttheprocess
(UCD#4)
L4.1-InteractionDesign
Goalsofinteractiondesign
⏹Developusableproducts
❑Usabilitymeanseasytolearn,effectivetouseandprovideanenjoyableexperience
⏹Involveusersinthedesignprocess
RelationshipbetweenID,HCIandotherfields
⏹AcademicdisciplinescontributingtoID:
❑Psychology
❑SocialSciences
❑ComputingSciences
❑Engineering
❑Ergonomics
❑Informatics
⏹DesignpracticescontributingtoID:
❑Graphicdesign
❑Productdesign
❑Artist-design
❑Industrialdesign
❑Filmindustry
⏹Interdisciplinaryfieldsthat‘do’interactiondesign:
❑HCI
❑HumanFactors
❑CognitiveEngineering
❑CognitiveErgonomics
❑ComputerSupportedCo-operativeWork
❑InformationSystems
WhatdoprofessionalsdointheIDbusiness?
⏹interactiondesigners-peopleinvolvedinthedesignofalltheinteractiveaspectsofaproduct
⏹usabilityengineers-peoplewhofocusonevaluatingproducts,usingusabilitymethodsandprinciples
⏹webdesigners-peoplewhodevelopandcreatethevisualdesignofwebsites,suchaslayouts
⏹informationarchitects-peoplewhocomeupwithideasofhowtoplanandstructureinteractiveproducts
⏹userexperiencedesigners(UX)-peoplewhodoalltheabovebutwhomayalsocarryoutfieldstudiestoinformthedesignofproducts
TheUserExperience
⏹Howaproductbehavesandisusedbypeopleintherealworld
❑thewaypeoplefeelaboutitandtheirpleasureandsatisfactionwhenusingit,lookingatit,holdingit,andopeningorclosingit
❑“everyproductthatisusedbysomeonehasauserexperience:
newspapers,ketchupbottles,recliningarmchairs,cardigansweaters.”(Garrett,2003)
⏹Cannotdesignauserexperience,onlydesignforauserexperience
Whatisinvolvedintheprocessofinteractiondesign
⏹Identifyingneedsandestablishingrequirementsfortheuserexperience
⏹Developingalternativedesignstomeetthese
⏹Buildinginteractiveprototypesthatcanbecommunicatedandassessed
⏹Evaluatingwhatisbeingbuiltthroughouttheprocessandtheuserexperienceitoffers
Corecharacteristicsofinteractiondesign
⏹Usersshouldbeinvolvedthroughthedevelopmentoftheproject
⏹Specificusabilityanduserexperiencegoalsneedtobeidentified,clearlydocumentedandagreedatthebeginningoftheproject
⏹Iterationisneededthroughthecoreactivities
ImpactofinterdependentfactorsonID,includingcontextofuse,typeofactivities,culturaldifferences,andusergroups
Usabilitygoals
⏹Effectivetouse
⏹Effici
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