美国下一代隐形舰载机F35闪电.docx
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美国下一代隐形舰载机F35闪电.docx
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美国下一代隐形舰载机F35闪电
F35Design
TheLockheedMartinF-35LightningIIisafamilyofsingle-seat,single-engine,allweatherstealthmultirolefightersundergoingtestingandfinaldevelopment.Thefifthgenerationcombataircraftisdesignedtoperformgroundattack,reconnaissance,andairdefensemissions.TheF-35hasthreemainmodels:
theF-35Aconventionaltakeoffandlanding(CTOL)variant,theF-35Bshorttake-offandvertical-landing(STOVL)variant,andtheF-35Ccarrier-basedCATOBAR(CV)variant.
TheF-35isdescendedfromtheX-35,whichwasthewinningdesignoftheJointStrikeFighter(JSF)program.ItisbeingdesignedandbuiltbyanaerospaceindustryteamledbyLockheedMartin.OthermajorF-35industrypartnersincludeNorthropGrumman,Pratt&WhitneyandBAESystems.TheF-35tookitsfirstflighton15December2006.TheUnitedStatesplanstobuy2,443aircraft.TheF-35variantsareintendedtoprovidethebulkofitsmannedtacticalairpowerfortheU.S.AirForce,MarineCorpsandNavyoverthecomingdecades.DeliveriesoftheF-35fortheU.S.militaryarescheduledtobecompletedin2037.
F-35JSFdevelopmentisbeingprincipallyfundedbytheUnitedStateswithadditionalfundingfrompartners.ThepartnernationsareeitherNATOmembersorcloseU.S.allies.TheUnitedKingdom,Italy,Australia,Canada,Norway,Denmark,theNetherlands,andTurkeyarepartoftheactivedevelopmentprogram;Severaladditionalcountrieshaveordered,orareconsideringordering,theF-35.
F35Design
Overview
TheF-35appearstobeasmaller,single-enginesiblingofthetwin-engineLockheedMartinF-22Raptor,andindeeddrewelementsfromit.TheexhaustductdesignwasinspiredbytheGeneralDynamicsModel200design,proposedfora1972supersonicVTOLfighterrequirementfortheSeaControlShip.LockheedconsultedwiththeYakovlevDesignBureauintheF-35BSTOVLvariant'sdevelopment,purchasingdesigndatafromtheirdevelopmentoftheYakovlevYak-141"Freestyle".Althoughseveralexperimentaldesignshavebeendevelopedsincethe1960s,suchastheunsuccessfulRockwellXFV-12,theF-35Bistobethefirstoperationalsupersonic,STOVLstealthfighter.
AcquisitiondeputytotheassistantsecretaryoftheAirForce,Lt.Gen.MarkD."Shack"ShackelfordhassaidthattheF-35isdesignedtobeAmerica's"premiersurface-to-airmissilekillerandisuniquelyequippedforthismissionwithcuttingedgeprocessingpower,syntheticapertureradarintegrationtechniques,andadvancedtargetrecognition."LockheedMartinstatestheF-35isintendedtohaveclose-andlong-rangeair-to-aircapabilitysecondonlytothatoftheF-22Raptor.LockheedMartinhassaidthattheF-35hastheadvantageovertheF-22inbasingflexibilityand"advancedsensorsandinformationfusion".LockheedMartinhassuggestedthattheF-35couldreplacetheUSAF'sF-15C/DfightersintheairsuperiorityroleandtheF-15EStrikeEagleinthegroundattackrole,althoughtheF-35lackstherangeoftheF-15.
Someimprovementsovercurrent-generationfighteraircraftare:
Durable,low-maintenancestealthtechnology,usingstructuralfibermatinsteadofthehigh-maintenancecoatingsoflegacystealthplatforms;
Integratedavionicsandsensorfusionthatcombineinformationfromoff-andon-boardsensorstoincreasethepilot'ssituationalawarenessandimprovetargetidentificationandweapondelivery,andtorelayinformationquicklytoothercommandandcontrol(C2)nodes;
HighspeeddatanetworkingincludingIEEE1394bandFibreChannel.(FibreChannelisalsousedonBoeing'sSuperHornet.)TheAutonomicLogisticsGlobalSustainment(ALGS),AutonomicLogisticsInformationSystem(ALIS)andComputerizedmaintenancemanagementsystem(CMMS)aretohelpensureaircraftuptimewithminimalmaintenancemanpower.ThePentagonhasmovedtoopenupthecompetitivebiddingbyothercompanies.ThiswasafterLockheedMartinstatedthatinsteadofcostingtwentypercentlessthantheF-16perflighthour,theF-35wouldactuallycosttwelvepercentmore.ThoughtheALGSisintendedtoreducemaintenancecosts,thecompanydisagreeswithincludingthecostofthissystemintheaircraftownershipcalculations.TheUSMChaveimplementedaworkaroundforacybervulnerabilityinthesystem.
Electro-hydrostaticactuatorsrunbyapower-by-wireflight-controlsystem.
Amodernandupdatedflightsimulator,whichmaybeusedforagreaterfractionofpilottraininginordertoreducethecostlyflighthoursoftheactualaircraft.
Lightweight,powerfulandvolatileLithium-ionbatteriessimilartothosethathavegroundedtheBoeing787Dreamlinerfleet.
Thesearerequiredtoprovidepowertorunthecontrolsurfacesinanemergency,andhavebeenstrenuouslytested.
StructuralcompositesintheF-35are35%oftheairframeweight(upfrom25%intheF-22).Themajorityofthesearebismaleimide(BMI)andcompositeepoxymaterial.TheF-35willbethefirstmassproducedaircrafttoincludestructuralnanocomposites,namelycarbonnanotubereinforcedepoxy.ExperienceoftheF-22'sproblemswithcorrosionleadtotheF-35usingagapfillerthatcauseslessgalvaniccorrosiontotheairframe'sskin,designedwithfewergapsrequiringfillerandimplementingbetterdrainage.Therelativelyshort35-footwingspanoftheAandBvariantsissetbytheF-35B'srequirementtofitinsidetheNavy'scurrentamphibiousassaultshipparkingareaandelevators;theF-35C'slongerwingisconsideredtobemorefuelefficient.
AUnitedStatesNavystudyfoundthattheF-35willcost30to40percentmoretomaintainthancurrentjetfighters;notaccountingforinflationovertheF-35'soperationallifetime.APentagonstudyconcludeda$1trillionmaintenancecostfortheentirefleetoveritslifespan.TheF-35programofficefoundthatasofJanuary2014,costsfortheF-35fleetovera53-yearlifecyclewas$857billion.Costsforthefighterhavebeendroppingandaccountedforthe22percentlifecycledropsince2010.Lockheedclaimsthatby2019,pricingforthefifth-generationaircraftwillbelessthanfourth-generationfighters.AnF-35Ain2019isexpectedtocost$85millionperunitcompletewithenginesandfullmissionsystems,inflationadjustedfrom$75millioninDecember2013.
Engines
ThePratt&WhitneyF135powerstheF-35.Analternativeengine,theGeneralElectric/Rolls-RoyceF136,wasbeingdevelopeduntilitwascancelledbyitsmanufacturersinDecember2011.NeithertheF135orF136enginesaredesignedtosupercruise,theF-35canachievealimitedsupercruiseofMach1.2for150miles.TheF135isthesecond(radar)stealthyafterburningjetengine.LikethePratt&WhitneyF119itwasderivedfrom,theF135hassufferedafterburnerpressurepulsations,or'screech'atlowaltitudeandhighspeed.TheF-35hasamaximumspeedofoverMach1.6.Withamaximumtakeoffweightof60,000lb(27,000kg),theLightningIIisconsiderablyheavierthanthelightweightfightersitreplaces.
ThePratt&WhitneyF135enginewithRolls-RoyceLiftSystem,includingrollposts,andrearvectoringnozzlefortheF-35B,atthe2007ParisAirShow
TheSTOVLF-35BisoutfittedwiththeRolls-RoyceLiftSystem,designedbyLockheedMartinanddevelopedbyRolls-Royce.ThissystemmoreresemblestheRussianYak-141andGermanVJ101D/EthantheprecedingSTOVLHarrierJumpJetandtheRolls-RoycePegasusengine.TheLiftSystemiscomposedofaliftfan,driveshaft,tworollpostsanda"ThreeBearingSwivelModule"(3BSM).The3BSMisathrustvectoringnozzlewhichallowsthemainengineexhausttobedeflecteddownwardatthetailoftheaircraft.Theliftfanisnearthefrontoftheaircraftandprovidesacounterbalancingthrustusingtwocounter-rotatingblisks.Itispoweredbytheengine'slow-pressure(LP)turbineviaadriveshaftandgearbox.Rollcontrolduringslowflightisachievedbydivertingunheatedenginebypassairthroughwing-mountedthrustnozzlescalledRollPosts.
F136fundingcameattheexpenseofotherprogramelements,impactingonunitcosts.TheF136teamclaimedtheirenginehadagreatertemperaturemargin,potentiallycriticalforVTOLoperationsinhot,highaltitudeconditions.Pratt&WhitneytestedhigherthrustversionsoftheF135,partlyinresponsetoGE'sclaimsthattheF136iscapableofproducingmorethrustthanthe43,000lbf(190kN)ofearlyF135s.Intesting,theF135hasdemonstratedamaximumthrustofover50,000lbf(220kN);makingitthemostpowerfulengineeverinstalledinafighteraircraftasof2010.Itismuchheavierthanpreviousfighterengines;theHeavyUnderwayReplenishmentsystemneededtotransfertheF135betweenshipsisanunfundedUSNrequirement.Thermoelectric-poweredsensorsmonitorturbinebearinghealth.
Armament
TheF-35featurestwointernalweaponsbays,andexternalhardpointsformountinguptofourunderwingpylonsandtwonearwingtippylons.ThetwoouterhardpointscancarrypylonsfortheAIM-9XSidewinderandAIM-132ASRAAMshort-rangeair-to-airmissiles(AAM)only.TheotherpylonscancarrytheAIM-120AMRAAMBVRAAM,StormShadowcruisemissile,AGM-158JointAirtoSurfaceStand-offMissile(JASSM)cruisemissile,andguidedbombs.Theexternalpylonscancarrymissiles,bombs,andfueltanksattheexpenseofreducedstealth.Anair-to-airloadofeightAIM-120sandtwoAIM-9sispossibleusinginternalandexternalweaponsstations;aconfigurationofsix2,000lb(910kg)bombs,twoAIM-120sandtwoAIM-9scanalsobearranged.
Thereareatotaloffourweaponsstationsbetweenthetwointernalbays.Twoofthesecancarryair-to-groundbombsupto2,000lb(910kg)inAandCmodels,ortwobombsupto1,000lb(450kg)intheBmodel;theothertwostationsareforsmallerweaponssucha
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