成本会计管理的着重点 书后习题答案第11章.docx

成本会计管理的着重点 书后习题答案第11章.docx

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成本会计管理的着重点书后习题答案第11章

CHAPTER11

DECISIONMAKINGANDRELEVANTINFORMATION

11-1ThefivestepsinthedecisionprocessoutlinedinExhibit11-1ofthetextare:

1.Obtaininformation

2.Makepredictionsaboutfuturecosts

3.Chooseanalternative

4.Implementthedecision

5.Evaluateperformancetoprovidefeedback

11-2Relevantcostsarethoseexpectedfuturecoststhatdifferamongalternativecoursesofaction.Historicalcostsareirrelevantbecausetheyarepastcostsand,therefore,cannotdifferamongalternativefuturecoursesofaction.

11-3No.Relevantcostsaredefinedasthoseexpectedfuturecoststhatdifferamongalternativecoursesofaction.Thus,futurecoststhatdonotdifferamongthealternativesareirrelevanttodecidingwhichalternativetochoose.

11-4Quantitativefactorsareoutcomesthataremeasuredinnumericalterms.Somequantitativefactorsarefinancial––thatis,theycanbeeasilyexpressedinfinancialterms.Directmaterialsisanexampleofaquantitativefinancialfactor.Qualitativefactorsarefactorsthatarenotmeasuredinnumericalterms.Anexampleisemployeemorale.

11-5Twopotentialproblemsthatshouldbeavoidedinrelevantcostanalysisare:

1.Donotassumeallvariablecostsarerelevantandallfixedcostsareirrelevant.

2.Donotuseunit-costdatadirectlybecauseitcanmisleaddecisionmakersbecause

a.itmayincludeirrelevantcosts,and

b.comparisonsofunitcostscomputedatdifferentoutputlevelsleadtoerroneousconclusions

11-6No.Somevariablecostsmaynotdifferamongthealternativesunderconsiderationand,hence,willbeirrelevant.Somefixedcostsmaydifferamongthealternativesand,hence,willberelevant.

11-7No.Someofthetotalunitcoststomanufactureaproductmaybefixedcosts,and,hence,willnotdifferbetweenthemakeandbuyalternatives.Thesefixedcostsareirrelevanttothemake-or-buydecision.Thekeycomparisonisbetweenpurchasecostsandthecoststhatwillbesavedifthecompanypurchasesthecomponentpartsfromoutside.

11-8Opportunitycostisthecontributiontoincomethatisforgone（rejected）bynotusingalimitedresourceinitsnext-bestalternativeuse.

11-9No.Whendecidingonthequantityofinventorytobuy,managersmustconsiderboththepurchasecostperunitandtheopportunitycostoffundsinvestedintheinventory.Forexample,thepurchasecostperunitmaybelowwhenthequantityofinventorypurchasedislarge,butthebenefitofthelowercostmaybemorethanoffsetbythehighopportunitycostofthefundsinvestedinacquiringandholdinginventory.

11-10No.Managersshouldaimtogetthehighestcontributionmarginperunitoftheconstraining（thatis,scarce,limiting,orcritical）factor.Theconstrainingfactoriswhatrestrictsorlimitstheproductionorsaleofagivenproduct（forexample,availabilityofmachine-hours）.

11-11No.Forexample,iftherevenuesthatwillbelostexceedthecoststhatwillbesaved,thebranchorbusinesssegmentshouldnotbeshutdown.Shuttingdownwillonlyincreasetheloss.Allocatedcostsarealwaysirrelevanttotheshuttingdowndecision.

11-12Costwrittenoffasdepreciationisirrelevantwhenitpertainstoapastcost.Butthepurchasecostofnewequipmenttobeacquiredinthefuturethatwillthenbewrittenoffasdepreciationisoftenrelevant.

11-13No.Managerstendtofavorthealternativethatmakestheirperformancelookbestsotheyfocusonthemeasuresusedintheperformance-evaluationmodel.Iftheperformance-evaluationmodeldoesnotemphasizemaximizingoperatingincomeorminimizingcosts,managerswillmostlikelynotchoosethealternativethatmaximizesoperatingincomeorminimizescosts.

11-14Thethreestepsinsolvingalinearprogrammingproblemare:

1.Determinetheobjective.

2.Specifytheconstraints.

3.Computetheoptimalsolution.

11-15ThetextoutlinestwomethodsofdeterminingtheoptimalsolutiontoanLPproblem:

1.Trial-and-errorsolutionapproach

2.Graphicalsolutionapproach

MostLPapplicationsinpracticeusestandardsoftwarepackagesthatrelyonthesimplexmethodtocomputetheoptimalsolution.

11-16（20min.）Disposalofassets.

1.Thisisanunfortunatesituation,yetthe$80,000costsareirrelevantregardingthedecisiontoremachineorscrap.Theonlyrelevantfactorsarethefuturerevenuesandfuturecosts.Byignoringtheaccumulatedcostsanddecidingonthebasisofexpectedfuturecosts,operatingincomewillbemaximized（orlossesminimized）.Thedifferenceinfavorofremachiningis$3,000:

（a）（b）

RemachineScrap

Futurerevenues$35,000$2,000

Deductfuturecosts30,000–

Operatingincome$5,000$2,000

Differenceinfavorofremachining

2.This,too,isanunfortunatesituation.Butthe$100,000originalcostisirrelevanttothisdecision.Thedifferenceinfavorofrebuildingis$7,000:

（a）（b）

ReplaceRebuild 

Newtruck$102,000–

Deductcurrentdisposal

priceofexistingtruck10,000–

Rebuildexistingtruck–$85,000

$92,000$85,000

Differenceinfavorofrebuilding

Note,here,thatthecurrentdisposalpriceof$10,000isrelevant,buttheoriginalcost（orbookvalue,ifthetruckwerenotbrandnew）isirrelevant.

11-17（10min.）Thecareeningpersonalcomputer.

Consideredalone,bookvalueisirrelevantasameasureoflosswhenequipmentisdestroyed.Themeasureofthelossisreplacementcostorsomecomputationofthepresentvalueoffutureserviceslostbecauseofequipmentlossordamage.Inthespecificcasedescribed,thefollowingobservationsmaybeapt:

1.Afullydepreciateditemprobablyisrelativelyold.Chancesarethatthelossfromthisequipmentislessthanthelossforapartiallydepreciateditembecausethereplacementcostofanolditemwouldbefarlessthanthatforanearlynewitem.

2.Thelossofanolditem,assumingreplacementisnecessary,automaticallyacceleratesthetimingofreplacement.Thus,iftheolditemweretobejunkedandreplacedtomorrow,noeconomiclosswouldbeevident.However,iftheolditemweresupposedtolastfivemoreyears,replacementisacceleratedfiveyears.Thebestpracticalmeasureofsuchalossprobablywouldbethecostofcomparableusedequipmentthathadfiveyearsofremainingusefullife.

Thefactthatthecomputerwasfullydepreciatedalsomeanstheaccountingreportswillnotbeaffectedbytheaccident.Ifaccountingreportsareusedtoevaluatetheofficemanager'sperformance,themanagerwillpreferanyaccidentstobeonfullydepreciatedunits.

11-18（15min.）Multiplechoice.

1.（b）Specialorderpriceperunit$6.00

Variablemanufacturingcostsperunit4.50

Contributionmarginperunit$1.50

Effectonoperatingincome=$1.5020,000units

=$30,000increase

2.（b）Costsofpurchases,20,000units$60$1,200,000

Totalrelevantcostsofmaking:

Variablemanufacturingcosts,$64–$16$48

Fixedcostseliminated9

Costssavedbynotmaking$57

Multiplyby20,000units,sototal

costssavedare$5720,0001,140,000

Extracostsofpurchasingoutside60,000

MinimumsavingsnecessaryforPartNo.57525,000

Necessaryrelevantcoststhatwouldhave

tobesavedinmanufacturingPartNo.575$85,000

11-19（30min.）Specialorder,activity-basedcosting.

1.AwardPlus'soperatingincomeunderthealternativesofaccepting/rejectingthespecialorderare:

WithoutOne-TimeOnlySpecialOrder

7,500Units

WithOne-TimeOnlySpecialOrder

10,000Units

Difference

2,500Units

Sales$1,125,000$1,375,000$250,000

Variablecosts:

Directmaterials262,500350,000187,500

Directmanufacturinglabor300,000400,0002100,000

Batchmanufacturingcosts75,00087,500312,500

Fixedcosts:

Fixedmanufacturingcosts275,000275,000––

Fixedmarketingcosts175,000175,000––

Totalcosts1,087,5001,287,500200,000

Operatingincome$37,500$87,500$50,000

1

10,0002

10,0003$75,000+（25$500）

Alternatively,wecouldcalculatetheincrementalrevenueandtheincrementalcostsoftheadditional2,500unitsasfollows:

Incrementalrevenue$1002,500$250,000

Incrementaldirectmanufacturingcosts

2,500=87,500

Incrementaldirectmanufacturingcosts

2,500=100,000

Incrementalbatchmanufacturingcosts$50025=12,500

Totalincrementalcosts200,000

Totalincrementaloperatingincomefrom

acceptingthespecialorder$50,000

AwardPlusshouldaccepttheone-time-onlyspecialorderifithasnolong-termimplicationsbecauseacceptingtheorderincreasesAwardPlus'soperatingincomeby$50,000.

If,however,acceptingthespecialorderwouldcausetheregularcustomerstobedissatisfiedortodemandlowerprices,thenAwardPluswillhavetotradeoffthe$50,000gainfromacceptingthespecialorderagainsttheoperatingincomeitmightlosefromregularcustomers.

11-19（Cont’d.）

2.AwardPlushasacapacityof9,000medals.Therefore,ifitacceptsthespecialone-timeorderof2,500medals,itcansellonly6,500medalsinsteadofthe7,500medalsthatitcurrentlysellstoexistingcustomers.Thatis,byacceptingthespecialorder,AwardPlusmustforgosalesof1,000medalstoitsregularcustomers.Alternatively,AwardPluscanrejectthespecialorderandcontinuetosell7,500medalstoitsregularcustomers.

AwardPlus'soperatingincomefromselling6,500medalstoregularcustomersand2,500medalsunderone-timespecialorderfollow:

Sales（6,500$150）+（2,500$100）$1,225,000

Directmaterials（6,500$351）+（2,500$351）315,000

Directmanufacturinglabor（6,500$402）+（2,500$402）360,000

Batchmanufacturingcosts（1303$500）+（25$500）77,500

Fixedmanufacturingcosts275,000

Fixedmarketingcosts175,000

Totalcosts1,202,500

Operat