专题三 推理判断.docx
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专题三 推理判断.docx
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专题三推理判断
专题三 推理判断
挖命题
【考情探究】
考点
内容
五年考频统计
2014北京卷
2015北京卷
2016北京卷
2017北京卷
2018北京卷
推理判断
推理判断题要求考生根据文章所提供的事实进行合理的分析和推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机、情绪和性格以及事件发生的前因后果等。
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分析解读 推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面信息推测文章隐含意思、对作者的态度和情感以及文中细节的发展做出正确推理判断的能力。
有些考生认为推理判断题的答案就是在文章中没有出现的信息,这种理解比较狭隘;无论是何种考题,设问的依据都是在文本之中,所以答题时不能凭空想象或主观臆断。
推理判断题与细节理解题有很多重合之处,考生在做题时应紧扣文本,以文章所提供的细节为主要依据,而相较于细节理解题,推理判断题在获得相关细节后需经过深层次分析形成合乎逻辑的推断。
过专题
【五年高考】
A组 自主命题·北京卷题组
Passage1(2018北京,C)词数:
345
Plastic-EatingWorms
Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.
ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthatthewormschewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromthewormsstomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.
FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saysthewormsabilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”
JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteamsfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”
1.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?
A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.
B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.
C.Theycanconsumeplastics.
D.Theywindupinlandfills.
2.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto .
A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown
B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme
C.confirmtheresearchfindings
D.increasethebreakdownspeed
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight .
A.helptoraiseworms
B.helpmakeplasticbags
C.beusedtocleantheoceans
D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture
4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.
B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.
C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.
D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.
答案
1.C
2.B
3.D
4.C
Passage2(2017北京,A)词数:
344
ItwasacoldMarchdayinHighPoint,NorthCarolina.ThegirlsontheWesleyanAcademysoftballteamwerewaitingfortheirnextturnsatbatduringpractice,stampingtheirfeettostaywarm.Eighth-graderTaylorBisbeeshivered(发抖)alittleasshewatchedherteammateParisWhiteplay.Thetwodidntknoweachotherwell—Taylorhadjustmovedtotownamonthorsobefore.
Suddenly,Parisfelltotheground.“Parisseyesrolledback,”Taylorsays.“Shestartedshaking.Iknewitwasanemergency.”
Itcertainlywas.Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure.Withoutimmediatemedicalcare,Pariswoulddie.Atfirst,noonemoved.Thegirlswereinshock.Thenthesoftballcoachshoutedout,“DoesanyoneknowCPR?
”
CPRisalife-savingtechnique.TodoCPR,youpressonthesickpersonschestsothatbloodmovesthroughthebodyandtakesoxygentoorgans.Withoutoxygen,thebrainisdamagedquickly.
Amazingly,TaylorhadjusttakenaCPRcoursethedaybefore.Still,shehesitated.Shedidntthinksheknewitwellenough.Butwhennooneelsecameforward,TaylorrantoParisandbegandoingCPR.“Itwasscary.Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath,”saysTaylor.
Taylorsswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:
Parissheartbeatreturned.
“IknowIwasreallylucky,”Parissaysnow.“Mostpeopledontsurvivethis.Myteamsavedmylife.”
ExpertssayParisisright:
Forasuddenheartfailure,thesinglebestchanceforsurvivalishavingsomeonenearbystepinanddoCPRquickly.
Today,Parisisbackonthesoftballteam.Taylorwillapplytocollegesoon.Shewantstobeanurse.“Ifeelmoreconfidentinmyactionsnow,”Taylorsays.“IknowIcanactunderpressureinascarysituation.”
1.WhathappenedtoParisonaMarchday?
A.Shecaughtabadcold.
B.Shehadasuddenheartproblem.
C.Shewasknockeddownbyaball.
D.Sheshiveredterriblyduringpractice.
2.WhydoesParissayshewaslucky?
A.Shemadeaworthyfriend.
B.Sherecoveredfromshock.
C.ShereceivedimmediateCPR.
D.Shecamebackonthesoftballteam.
3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTaylor?
A.Enthusiasticandkind. B.Courageousandcalm.
C.Cooperativeandgenerous. D.Ambitiousandprofessional.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.B
Passage3(2017北京,D)词数:
455
Hollywoodstheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway:
“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.
1.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay .
A.runoutofhumancontrol
B.satisfyhumansrealdesires
C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots
D.workfasterthanamathematician
2.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto .
A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed
B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently
C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders
D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches
3.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto .
A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter
B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings
C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed
D.avoidrobotsaffectingtheworld
4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?
A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.
B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.
C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.
D.Itwillstayforadecade.
答案
1.A
2.A
3.D
4.C
Passage4(2016北京,C)词数:
359
CaliforniaCondorsShockingRecovery
CaliforniacondorsareNorthAmericaslargestbirds,withwing-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.
Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖).Since1992,therehave
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