英语语法详解.docx
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英语语法详解.docx
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英语语法详解
语法精粹英语动词时态(Tenses)以play为例:
一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态
现在
play
plays
is
amplaying
are
has
haveplayed
has
havebeenplaying
过去
played
was
wereplaying
hadplayed
hadbeenplaying
将来
shall
willplay
shall
willbeplaying
shall
willhaveplayed
shall
willhavebeenplaying
过去
将来
should
wouldplay
should
wouldbeplaying
should
wouldhaveplayed
should
wouldhavebeenplaying
一、一般现在时:
1.构成:
使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。
(1)直接加“s”,works,takes
(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”carry→carries
(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”goesdresseswatchesbrushes
2.功能
(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作eg:
►.Birdsfly.►.Shelovesmusic.►.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.
(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,occasionally,frequently等时间副词连用。
eg:
►.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.►.Shewritestomeveryoften.►.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.
(3)表客观真理,格言警句或事实:
►.Theearthmovesroundthesun.►.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.►.Twoandtwomakesfour.►.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,熟能无过。
(4)表将来:
A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
例如:
►.I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.►.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.
►.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.►.I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.
B.按时间表、将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
►.Theplaybeginsat6:
30thisevening.
►.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?
►.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek►.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。
)
1.TheBrowns________anicecarandBrown'sbrother________anicejeep.
A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have
2.Iftheirhouse________notlikeours,what________itlooklike?
A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is
3.-________youthinkhewillcome?
-Ifit________tomorrow,hewillnotcome.
A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain
4.Thelittlechild________notevenknowthatthemoon________aroundtheearth.
A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved
5.Manyastudent________fondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldom________tothecinema
A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go
二.现在进行时:
is/am/are+现在分词
1.表示现在正在进行的动作。
如►.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?
►.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?
You'reputtingonweight►.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.
2表现阶段正进行的动作►.Heistakingphysicsthissemester►.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.
3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
►.Look!
Thebusiscoming.看!
车来了!
►.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.
►.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.
4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:
赞赏或厌恶。
►.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。
)►.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。
)►.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟到。
)
5.下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道),understand(理解),belong(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind(介意),have(有),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心),like(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)
●注意:
haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行”;think意为“考虑”。
1.Howcanyou________Ifyouarenot________?
A.listening/hearingB.hear/listeningC.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto
2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforeshe________herhomework.
A.willfinishB.isfinishingC.hadfinishedD.finishes
3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)________intheoffice.(此题超前)
A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewingC.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing
4.Theoldscientist________todomoreforthecountry.
A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishingC.wishesD.hasbeenwished
5.Ifhe________,don'twakehimup.
A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleepingC.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill
三.一般过去时。
定义动词的过去式:
1.表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
►.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.►.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.
►.Chinawasfoundedin1949.
2在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时►.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.►.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.►.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.
3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:
●Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)
●Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)●That'sallIhadtosay.(话已说完)
●That'sallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)●Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)
●Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)●Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(已是当天下午或晚上)
●Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)测试精编I:
(用所给动词的正确进态填空)。
1.YesterdayI________(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.2.Aliceusually________(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe________(sit)atthebackthismorning.3.He________(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.
4.He________(begin)toteachChinesein1990.5.shewouldnottelephonemeifshe________(have)notime.
1.They________thetripuntiltherainstopped.
A.continuedB.didn'tcontinueC.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue
2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichthey________ofhungerandcold.(without在这里表条件,你知道吗?
)A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied
3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheearth________aroundthesun.
A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves
4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)________hebeganhislecture.(重点题)
A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated
5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactI________not.
A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad
四.过去进行时:
were/was+现在分词。
1.表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
►.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.
►.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.►.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.
2.用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
►.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.
►.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.
3.过去某时将发生的事。
►.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.►.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.
1.Mybrother________whilehe________hisbicycleandhurthimself.
A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereridingC.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding
2.He________hislegashe________inafootballmatch.
A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplayingC.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played
3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathe________today.
A.wascorningB.iscomingC.willcomeD.comes
4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwho________in.
A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome
5.Michikecouldn'tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe________inthelab.
A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworkingC.wasworkingD.worked
五.现在完成时:
have/has+过去分词
1.表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。
常与yet,just,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
●Hehasn'tseenherlately.●Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.
2.表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
如:
sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)……►.Hehasworkedherefor15years.
►.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.►.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.
►.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.
3.某些非延续性动词(即:
动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点:
I.常见的非延续动词:
die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),buy,borrow,lend...II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
●Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误)●Shehasbeenawayforamonth(正)
●Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)●Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(正)
●Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?
(误)●Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)
4.注意since的用法:
►.Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.►.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.►.Hehasbeenheresince1980.►.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.
5.几组对比:
HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。
HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。
Shehasgone.她已走了。
Sheisgone.她缺席了。
(or她死了。
)
Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。
(动作)Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。
(状态)
1.Theprices________goingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.
A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping
2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,there________noraininthisarea.
A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen
3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.She________John.
A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedtoC.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto
4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,they________anywaterforages.
A.hadn'tB.haven'tC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad
5.Nowadayscomputer________awideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.
A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound
六.现在完成进行时:
have/has+been+现在分词
1.表示从过去某时开始发生,一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。
►.I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.►.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.
2.表某种感情色彩。
►.I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.►.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:
现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
►.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。
)►.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。
)
►.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。
)►.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。
)
1.They________ussincefiveo'clockthismorning.
A.arehelpingB.hav
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