Sentence Correction Strategies.docx
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Sentence Correction Strategies.docx
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SentenceCorrectionStrategies
Spottingbadsentencesisthekeytodoingwellonsentencestructuretestquestions.
1)Pronounerror
a.Pluralandsingle–onceyoustartwithone,youneedtostayinthesamequantity.
SingularPronouns(Memorizethese.Period)
Hint:
DoyouseethecategoriesIsetup?
It’sSANEtomemorizethis
Some---
Any—
No—
Every--
Everyone
Everybody
Everything
Someone
Somebody
Something
Either
Neither
One
Each
Anyone
Anybody
Anything
Noone
Nothing
Nobody
Whoever
Whomever
His
Beawarethatgroup,jury,team,country,familyaresingular.Societytodayusesthemsometimesasplural.Thisisbecausetheseactasasingleunitwhentheydosomething.
PluralPronouns(Memorizethese.Period)
Both
Their
Many
Several
Few
Others
Tomemorizethis,tryFrighteningTOMBS
SingularandPluralPronouns–dependsonwhetherthenounissingularorplural(Memorizethese.Period)
Some
More
Most
All
Thepluralandsingularclauseerror
Whentwonounsareinthesentencedoinganactiontogetherbuttheyarelinkedwith
Alongwith
Togetherwith
With
Aswellas
Inadditionto
Accompaniedby
…thisdoesnotmakethefollowingactiontheydoplural.Only“and”cantakethetwosingularsandmaketheiractionplural.
Forexample
Janie,withherpoodlelimpingbehindher,walkstothedogpark.
Explanation:
Janieissingular.Thepoodleissingular.Theybothdotheactiontogether,buttheuseof“with”meansthatweneedtokeeptheverbsingular.“Walks”issingularand“Walk”isplural
Remember,averbthatendswithan–sissingular.
b.Pronounreferenceerror-referringpronounisnotcorrectlyplaced.
c.Relativepronounsareoftenusedincorrectlytoday.
1)Referringtothingsoranimals–that,which
2)Referringtopeople—who,whom
3)They–becarefulthatyoudon’tusethisunlessyou’repositivethereisareferringnoun.Todayweoftenuse“they”toreplacetheuseofapropernounwhichitisnot.It’saPronoun.
2)MisplacedModifier(modifiersmuststayclosetohome)
a.Definition:
Sentencesthatbeginwithaverb,adjective+verb,adjectivephrasesneedtobefollowedbythenounorpronountheyaremodifying.Usuallyendwith–ing.
b.Example:
Comingoutofthedepartmentstore,John’swalletwasstolen.
“Coming”isthemodifier.Wasjohn’swalletcomingoutofthestore?
Incorrectsentence.
Possiblesolutiontolookfor:
a)Correctthereference
b)Putanounorpronounintothe1stpartofthesentenceturningthe1stpartintoanadverbialclause.
c)Correctanswermightbe,“Ashewascomingoutofthedepartmentstore,John’swalletwasstolen.”Alternatecouldbe,“AsJohnwascomingoutofthedepartmentstore,hiswalletwasstolen.”
AbsolutePhrases:
Introduction
1.Introduction
Definitionandrules.Anabsolutephraseisamodifier(quiteoftenaparticiple),oramodifierandafewotherwords,thatattachestoasentenceoranoun,withnoconjunction.Anabsolutephrasecannotcontainafiniteverb.
Absolutephrasesusuallyconsistofanounandamodifierthatmodifiesthisnoun,NOTanothernouninthesentence.
Absolutephrasesareoptionalinsentences,i.e.,theycanberemovedwithoutdamagingthegrammaticalintegrityofthesentence.Sinceabsolutephrasesareoptionalinthesentence,theyareoftensetofffromthesentencewithcommasor,lessoften,withdashes.Wenormallyexplainabsolutephrasesbysayingthattheymodifyentiresentences,ratherthanoneword.Thisisanimportantconcept,sincemanysimilarphrasesthatweworkwithmodifyotherwords.Forexample,adjectivesmodifynouns,andadverbscanmodifyverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.Thatsaid,however,insomecases,itseemstomakemoresensetosaythatabsolutephrasesmodifynouns.Wewilllookatsomeoftheseexamplesabitlater.
First,let'slookatsomeexamplesofabsolutephrases:
ExamplesofAbsolutePhrases:
Theabsolutephraselooklikethis:
∙Herdeterminationstrongerthanever,Nexisaresolvednottogiveupuntilshehadachievedherdreams.
∙ThesunshiningbrightandthepaleblueskyformingabackdropoftheSacreCoeur,Carlsteppedintohisfutureasatravelerandobserver.
∙Wefinishedtheheartymealquickly,ourappetitessatisfied,ourmindsatpeace.
∙Allthingsbeingequal,theactivevoicetendstobecorrectmoreoftenthanthepassiveonstandardizedtests.
Pleasenoticethatineverycasetheabsolutephraseprovidessomesortofinformationthatworkstoputthewholesentenceorideaincontext.PleasealsonoticethattheabsolutephrasesthemselvesdoNOTcontainverbs,noraretheyconnectedtothemainsentencewithaconjunction.Finally,pleasenoticethattheprimarycomponentsofmost(butnotall)oftheseabsolutephrasesareanoun+amodifier,althoughitispossibletouseonlyamodifier.
Hereisthenextpatternweshouldknow:
2.noun+participle
Thisisoneofthemostcommonwaystoformanabsolutephrase.Itmightbehelpfulforsomepeopletoimaginethispatternwithaverbbetweenthenounandtheparticiple.Forexample,ifyousayThequestionwasstillunanswered,youhaveacompletesentence;if,ontheotherhand,yousayThequestionunansweredandyouthenattachthatphrasetoamainsentence,thenyouhaveanabsolutephrase.
Herearesomeexamples.Theabsolutephraseslooklikethis.
∙Thequestionstillunanswered,theteacherdecidedtoaddresstheconfusionofherstudentsmoreclosely.
∙Thetrainrunninglate,wedecidedtogetoffatthenextstopandtakeataxihome.
∙TherearemanyindustriesinCaliforniavitaltoitseconomy,withtechnologybeingoneofthemostimportant.
Comparethesesentenceswiththeverbsandconjunctionsinthem:
∙Thequestionwasstillunanswered,andtheteacherdecidedtoaddresstheconfusionofherstudentsmoreclosely.
∙Thetrainwasrunninglate,sowedecidedtogetoffatthenextstopandtakeataxihome.
∙TherearemanyindustriesinCaliforniavitaltoitseconomy,andtechnologyisoneofthemostimportant.
Similarly,having+pastparticipleisoftensosemanticallysimilartothesentencewithoutitthatmanysentencesarewrittenwithouthaving+pastparticiple.
Anexamplewouldbeverygoodhere:
∙Havingbeenchosentoheadthecommittee,AngusNgthoughtabouthowhecouldhelpraisemoneyforhischessclubatHarvard.
Thissentencecouldlooklikethis:
∙Chosentoheadthecommittee,AngusNgthoughtabouthowhecouldhelpraisemoneyforhischessclubatHarvard.
ThisconceptisimportantfortheSentenceCorrectionsectionoftheGMAT,soifyou'repreparingforthattest,payattentiontothis!
3.noun+adjective
Anotherpatternistouseanadjectiveafterthenounitmodifies.
Lookattheseexamples:
∙Theirmealstillnotreadyafter45minutes,thehungryandangrycustomerslefttherestaurant.
∙Hishatinhandandprideincheck,Horaceaskedhisformerbossforhisjobback.
∙Thepreviewsstillshowing,KellyandChrisdecidedtoleavethetheaterandenjoythesunnyday.
3)ParallelConstruction
a.Istherealist?
b.Isthesentenceintwoparts?
Bothtypesmusthaveparalleltypesofverbiage.
to____,to____orate_____,slept____,drank____.
Badconstructionmightlooklike
to____,_____orate_____,sleep_____,drank____.
c.Comparisonsmustbelogical
Findthetwothingsbeingcomparedandseeifthesentenceisstructuredinbalance.Don’tbeafraidtoconsiderchangingverbsoradjectivestogetthebalance.
d.Parallelismisnotjustaboutclauses,butverbusage
Example:
-ingand–ing,to……to……,either…..or,neither…….nor.
e.Thewords"like,""unlike,""similarto,""as…so",“when”and"incontrastto"arethemostcommonindicatorsofcomparisons.Incomparisons,compatibilityisdeterminedbysubjectmatter.Forexample:
Asdomesticatedanimals,indoorcatstypicallylosetheirabilitytohuntfortheirownfood,sotoododomesticateddogscometorelyexclusivelyontheirownersforsustenance.
Here,domesticatedcatsarecomparedtodomesticateddogs,andthecomparisonworksbecausetheyarebothdomesticatedanimals—theyareliketerms.Wheneveryouseeacomparisonbeingsetupinasentence,checktoseethatthetermsofthecomparisonarecompatible.
4)VerbTense
a.Isthewholesentenceinthesametense
b.Somemajorcategoriesoftense:
Don’tneedtomemorizetypes.Justbefamiliar
Presenttenseexample:
Hewalksthreemilesaday.
SimplePastexample:
Whenhewasyounger,hewalkedthreemilesaday.
PresentPerfectexample:
Hehaswalked.
PastPerfectexample:
Hehadwalked.
Futureexample:
Hewillwork.
PresentPerfect–Describesactionthatbeganinthepastbutcontinuesuntilthepresent
Keyidentifier–“has”“have”
Sidenote:
Sometimesusedwhendeadlineexists.
PastPerfect–Describesactionthatstartedandstoppedinthepast
Keyidentifier–“had”
PresentProgressive–Usedasemphasisbythespeakerthattheactionishappeningthisveryminute
Keyidentifier–verb‘tobe’+averbwithan–ingending.
PerfectProgressive–Occupiesmorethanonemomentinthepast.Inotherwords,ongoingforaperiodoftime.
Keyidentifier–“hadbeen”
c.Twoeventsthathavetakenplace,aretakingplaceorwilltakeplaceatthesametimemusthavethesametenseinthesentence.
d.Passiveverbsbeginwiththeformof“tobe”(Example:
tobe,were,was)andendwithadifferentverbinthepasttense.
5)Subject-Verbagreementerrors.
a.Singular+Pluralagreement.Dothetwoagreeinplurality?
Canbemadeverycomplexwhenprepositionalphrasesseparateverbfromnoun/subjectby5ormorewords.Easytooverlookcrossreferencedsubject-verbrelationship.
b.Totellifaver
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