美国文学史考试复习资料全.docx
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美国文学史考试复习资料全.docx
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美国文学史考试复习资料全
1
美国文学史复习(colonialism)
第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学
一、时期综述
1、清教徒采用的文学体裁:
a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记
2、清教徒在美国的写作内容:
1)their voyage to the new land
2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians
4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit
3、清教徒的思想:
1)puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices
2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology.
3look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted.
4)puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 步 5)religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.。
4、典型的清教徒:
John Cotton & Roger William
他们的不同:
John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy;
William begins the history of religious toleration in America.
5、William的宗教观点:
Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with Go
6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人:
Anne Bradstreet
7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人:
the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.
学习指南:
1、Could you give a description of American Puritans?
关于美国清教徒的描绘
Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first·century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.
2,,Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.
3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
4.The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.
美国文学史复习2(reasoning and revolution) )
一、美国的性质:
The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。
二、代表作家:
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790
1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语
It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation
2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.
3)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania.
4.first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.
5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war.
6)As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.
7)The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography
2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809
"Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人
1)famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a
"Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言,是分裂活动发展成最后危机。
2)"American Crisis" 《美国危机》,signed "Common Sense" (p31,第一段)
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题;Common Sense常识;American Crisis美国危机;Rights of Man人的权利:
Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃;The Age of Reason理性时代
3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
1)drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言
2)与清教徒不同,主张追求幸福。
All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等,他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者
1)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.
2)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳;The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花;The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
学习指南:
1.Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.
2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.
美国文学史复习3(Romanticisms)
一、文学特征:
1、Environment:
1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境
2)array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
2、美国文学特点:
pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾
3、Romanticism的特点:
frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.
4、Transcendentalism 超验主义
1,as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.
2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.
3)they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
4it could exe
rcise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”
5)代表人物:
Emerson爱默生,believed that man was a part of absolute good。
人性本善
Thoreau 梭 罗,beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
5、Literary forms文学形式:
Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.
6、Imaginative literature想象类文学
7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
8,The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会,回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响,作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言,具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
10,At midcentury a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义
二、代表作家:
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,划线部分为三个主要contribution
① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
①contribution:
launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》,包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物,纳蒂.班波 Judge Temple:
man remain savage without law and order
The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人
①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时,布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。
②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志(坡的工作场所)
③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,
“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.
③作品:
“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》 ⑤摘自《论自然》:
Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。
6、Henry D
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