社会学名词解释参考答案全.docx
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社会学名词解释参考答案全.docx
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社会学名词解释参考答案全
社会学名词解释
1Theopensystemsapproach
Anopensystemisanydistinctentity--acell,aperson,anorchestra,oranorganization--thattakesinresourcesfromitsenvironment,processestheminsomeway,andproducesoutput.Tosurvive,suchasystemdependsonitsenvironment,andoninteractionsbetweenitscomponentpartsorsubsystems.
是什么(实体)---来源,运行,结果—维持
(1)Organization
Thisreferstothecenterofactivityandoftenthecentralconcernfortheresearch.Thisboxcanrepresentasociety,aninstitutionanorganizationoransubsystem.
(2)Environment
Refertoeverythingsurroundtheorganizationandinfluencesit.Foreachorganization,thecrucialenvironmentwilldifferandchangeovertime,dependingonissuesfacingschool.However,theimportanceofitdoesnotchange,Theorganizationdependsonitformeetingmanyofitsresourcerequirementsandforobtaininginformation
(3)Input
likeinformation,rawmaterials,students,personnel,finances,andnewideas
(4)Output
likematerialitemsandthenonmaterialideasresearchfindings;graduates;wastes;information;evolvingculture;andnewtechnology.
(5)Feedback
Theorganizationconstantlyadaptstochangesanddemandsintheenvironmentasaresultofnewinformationitreceives.
Anopensystemapproachimply
---Weneedtolookbothinwardandoutward;
---Weareinterestedinrelationshipsandpatternsofinteractionbetweenthesubsystemsandtheirenvironmentswithintheorganization;
---Wealsolookforrelationshipsandreciprocalinfluencesbetweentheorganizationandtheenvironmentoutsideitsformal"boundary."
Insummary,themainideasofanopensystemsapproachinclude:
(1)Basicelementsinthesystem---organization,input,output,environment,andfeedback;
(2)Interactionbetweentheorganizationandtheenvironment.
(3)Alltheelementsareinterdependentandworktogethertoperformcertainfunctions
元素---关系---功能
2Model
Amodelprovidesausefulwayofvisualizingthemanyelementsinthesystem.Ithelpsorderobservationsanddataandrepresentsageneralizedpictureofcomplexinteractingelementsandsetsofrelationships.
功能----总(透视)----过程(观察与数据)和结果(内容与关系)
3Functionsofeducation
(1)Socialization:
learningtobeproductivemembersofsocietythroughthepassingonofculture.
(2)Transmissionofculture:
Differentgroupsofstudentsaretaughtdifferentnorms,skills,values,andknowledge
(3)Socialcontrolandpersonaldevelopment:
Disciplinediffersbysocialclass,racial-ethnicgroup,andsex
(4)Selecting,trainingandplacementofindividualsinsociety.Criticsarguethatschoolsarereproducingsocialclassesandmaintainingthesocialhierarchywitheducationalpoliciesandpracticesthatselectsomestudentsforhighertracks
(5)Changeandinnovation.Newtechnologieschallengestudentsandteachersofallagesastheychangethewayworkisdone
社会化(个人)+文化传播(文化)+社会控制和个人发展(社会,个人)+选拨分层(社会)+改革创新(社会)
三社会,两个人,一文化
4Processandstructure:
(1)Processesaretheactionspart:
whatishappening.Learning,teaching,socializing,disciplining,selectingareonlyafewoftheprocessesthatmakeuptheactionpartofthesystemofeducation.Keypartsofanopensystemsapproacharetheprocessesthatmakeanysystemadynamic,workingunit.Itprovideslinksbetweentheorganizationandotherparts,suchasbetweenaneducationalsystemandtheenvironment.
定义+两功能(系统维持,外部联系)
(2)Thestructureofsociety:
recurringpatternsofbehaviorandorderedinterrelationshipstoachievetheneedsofpeople.
Theeducationalsystemstructureisastableandrelativelypermanentstructure.Itreferstopartsoftheeducationalsystemthatcanbedescribedanddiagrammed:
roles,socialclasses,organizations,institution,andsocieties.Peopleinthestructureact,whichbringthestructurealive.
社会结构的含义(行为+关系)----教育结构(角色,社会阶层,组织,制度,社会)--动力(人)
5.Socialization
Socialization:
Peoplelearnhowtofitintosocietyandwhatrolesareexpectedofthem.
Socializationisthelifelongprocessofinheritinganddisseminatingnorms,customsandideologies.Inthisprocess,individualsacquiretheknowledge,language,socialskills,andvaluetoconformtothenormsandroles;itprovidestheindividualwiththeskillsandhabitsnecessaryforparticipatingwithintheirownsociety.
Itisacombinationofself-imposed(becausetheindividualwantstoconform),externally-imposedrules,andtheexpectationsoftheothers.
Agentsofsocialization
1Thefamily,themostimportantagent,isthecentreofthechild'slife,
2Peergroupiswherechildrencanescapesupervision,learntoformrelationshipsontheirown.
3MassMediacanteachnormsandvaluesbywayofsymbolicrewardandpunishmentfordifferentkindsofbehaviorasrepresentedinthemedia.
自主行为+外界传播+角色期待+作用
家庭,同伴,媒体
6Nochildleftbehind
InUS,thepolicynochildleftbehindisembodied.Itcallsforaccountability,morechoiceforparentsandstudents,greaterflexibilityforeducationalsystems.Puttingreadingfirstandothermandatesaimedatimprovingeducationalperformance.
责任意识,选择权,灵活性,阅读重要性,提高表现
7Backtobasics
Thedebateoverhowtopassonculturecoverstwosections:
whatteachingtechniquesaremosteffectiveinproducinglearningoutcomesandwhatrolescriticalthinkingplaysineducation.
Backtobasicsadvocatesbasicskillsandtesting,againstthe“progressive”educators,whoarguethateducationmustberelevanttothesurroundingenvironmentandfuturesocialcivicparticipantofstudents.
Thebacktobasicshasincludedwritingacrossthecurriculum,computerintheclassroom,accountabilityandassessment,stricterdisciplineandincreasedhomeworkassignments,andcriticalthinking,anddeeplearning,Thatisreflectiveandreasonablethinkingthatisfocusedondecidingwhattobelieveornot.
讨论:
教育技术+批判性思维
强调基础,反对激进
基本要求:
电脑,写作,测试,规矩,思考等
8.Accountability
BecauseoftheNochildleftbehind,thebacktobasicmovement,andconcernsaboutdecliningachievementtestscores,highschoolcurriculahaveundergonesignificantchanges,whichadvocatesmoreaccountability.Asaresultoftougherhighschoolrequirements,highschoolgraduatesaretakingmoreacademiccourses,especiallyinmathandscience.Somesuggesttightercontrolovercurriculumandrequirement,andchangesinteachereducationsothatteachersspecializeinanareaofteachingexpertiseratherthanageneralcurriculum.Structuralandfundingchangesarealsorecommended.
原因----改变---严厉要求(课程数量,课程质量,教师教学,结构资金)
9.Stratificationp.107,79
Groupsofpeopleinasocietyarearrangedintodifferentsocialhierarchiesintermsofwealth,power,prestige,andoccupation.Stratification,aprocessthatisinterlacedthroughthewholesocietalstructure,referstoourpositioninsociety.Educationalattainmentiscloselyrelatedwiththesevariables.Inaddition,educationisusedtosortpeopleintofuturesocietalroles.Thus,peoplelooktoeducationtoimprovetheirstatusinsociety
Thefive-classmodeltodescribetheclasssystemoftheUnitedStatestheupperclass,theupper-middleclass,thelower-middleclass,theworkingclass,thelowerclass.
阶层划分(四要素)----我们的地位----教育在这方面的影响(正面和人们的反面应用)----五阶层理论。
10Determinantsofsocialclassp.78
ClasshasbeendescribedbyWebberasamultidimensionalconceptthatisdeterminedbythreemajorvariables:
wealth,power,prestige
1Wealthreferstoone’sproperty,capital,andincome
2Powerimpliestheabilitytomakemajordecisionsortoinfluenceotherstoactonbehalfofone’sbenefit.
3Prestigereferstothehonororreputationaperson’soccupationentails.
财富+权利+特权
11Ascribedandachievedstatusp.80
Ascribedstatusisthesocialstatusapersonisassignedatbirthorassumedinvoluntarilylaterinlife.Itisapositionthatisneitherearnednorchosenbutassigned.Theserigidsocialdesignatorsremainfixedthroughoutanindividual'slifeandareinseparablefromthepositiveornegativestereotypesthatarelinkedwithone'sascribedstatuses.Thepracticeofassigningsuchstatusestoindividualsexistscross-culturallywithinallsocietiesandisbasedongender,race,familyorigins,andethnicbackgrounds.
三特点:
一是与生俱来,二是长久固定,三是跨度大
Achievedstatusisaconceptdenotingasocialpositionthatapersoncanacquireonthebasisofmerit;itisapositionthatisearnedorchosen.Itistheoppositeofascribedstatus.Itreflectspersonalskills,abilities,andefforts.ExamplesofachievedstatusarebeinganOlympicathlete,beingacriminal,orbeingacollegeprofessor.
可获得---优点(技巧能力努力)
12Charterschoolandvoucherp.89
Charterschoolsareprimaryorsecondaryschoolsthatreceivepublicmoney(andlikeotherschools,mayalsoreceiveprivatedonations)butarenotsubjecttosomeoftherules,regulations,andstatutesthatapplytootherpublicschoolsinexchangeforsometypeofaccountabilityforproducingcertainresults,whicharesetforthineachschool'scharter.Charterschoolsareopenedandattendedbychoice.Whilecharterschoolsprovideanalternativetootherpublicschools,theyarepartofthepubliceducationsystemandarenotallowedtochargetuition.Whereenrollmentinacharterschoolisoversubscribed,admissionisfrequentlyallocatedbylottery-basedadmissionssystems.However,thelotteryisopentoallstudents.Somecharterschoolsprovideacurriculumthatspecializesinacertainfield—e.g.,arts,mathematics,orvocationaltraining.Othersattempttoprovideabetterandmoreefficientgeneraleducationthannearbypublicschools.Charterschoolstudentstakestate-mandatedexams.
Aschoolvoucher,alsocalledaneducationvoucher,isacertificateissuedbythegovernment,whichparentscanapplytowardtuitionataprivateschool
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