从女性主义角度论紫色中西莉的解放过程毕业论文.docx
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从女性主义角度论紫色中西莉的解放过程毕业论文.docx
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从女性主义角度论紫色中西莉的解放过程毕业论文
从女性主义角度论紫色中西莉的解放过程毕业论文
Contents
摘要…………………………………………………………………..….i
Abstract…………………………………………….………….………..ii
Introduction……………………………………...……………….……..1
Chapter1FeminismandWomanism…………………………….…....3
1.1TheBackgroundofWomanism:
FeminisminAmerica………..…..3
1.1.1TheFirstWaveofAmericanFeminism:
1840sto1920s….........3
1.1.2TheSecondWaveofAmericanFeminism:
1960s…………..….4
1.2Walker’sDefinitionofWomanism……………………………….…7
Chapter2DoubleOppressionontheBlackWomeninTheColor
Purple……………………………………………….………15
2.1AsWomen:
SexualandViolentOppressionfromtheBlackMen....15
2.2AsBlackPeople:
RacialOppressionfromtheWhitePeople…….19
Chapter3BlackWomen’sApproachtoEmancipation……………..23
3.1SisterhoodandItsRoleinCelie’sEmancipationProcess…………23
3.1.1TheRoleofNettie………………………………………..….23
3.1.2TheRoleofSofia……………………………………..………24
3.1.3TheRoleofShug…………......………………………………26
3.2TheRoadofEmancipation…………………………………...……27
3.2.1PhysicalandSexualFreedom………………………………...27
3.2.2SpiritualFreedom……………….............................................29
3.2.3EconomicFreedom………………………………….………...31
Conclusion…………………….………………………………………..33
Bibliography…………………………………..……………..…………36
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Throughouttheages,womenhavealwaysbeenpartofliterature.Theyhaveinspiredmanywriters,whetherdramatists,novelists,poetsoressayists.Unfortunatelymostworksoftendepictedwomenastheinferiorgender,apassiveobjectthatcouldnotsurviveonitsownandthatcoulddonothingforitself.Women,inliterature,couldonlyexistthroughtheeyes,mindsandlivesofmenbutneverforthemselves.
ManyofWalker’sworksareinseparablefromherlifeexperience.Sheisveryproudofheroriginsandshebelievesthatthegracewithwhichweembracelife,inspiteofpain,thesorrow,isalwaysmeasureofwhathasgonebefore.ShewasborninEatonton,GeorgiaonFebruary9,1944.Herfatherwasasharecropperandsheistheyoungestoftheeightchildreninherfamily.Attheageofeight,WalkerwasaccidentallyinjuredbyaBBgunshottohereyebyherbrother.Thenshesetouttolearntowritepoetryinordertoeasetheloneliness.
AliceWalker’sepistolarynovel,TheColorPurple,isoneofthebestliteraryworksthatvividlydepictthesufferingsofAfrican-Americanwomenfrompatriarchysexismandracism.TheColorPurpledoesnotonlydescribebutgoesbeyondthatpurpose.Infact,AliceWalker’strueintentionfromwritingthisnovelisnotonlytogivevoicetoblackwomenbutalsotoprovidethemwithapathtofollowinordertoemancipatethemselvesandgettheirfreedom.Walkershowsustheevolutionofhermajorcharacter,Celie,frombeingasexuallyabusedchildtoapassivewifeandfinallytoanemancipatedwoman.
Chapter1
FeminismandWomanism
1.1TheBackgroundofWomanism:
FeminisminAmerica
FeminisminAmericahasalonghistoryanditisnotaninventionofasingleperiodoftime.Here,thisthesisjustfocusesonthe19thandthe20thcenturiestogiveaverygeneralaccountofAmericanfeminismfromtheperspectiveofhistorytimeanddifferenttypesofschools.
1.1.1TheFirstWaveofAmericanFeminism:
1840sto1920s
In1848,thefirstWomen’sRightsConvention,organizedbyElizabethCadyStantonandotherwomenwhohadbeendeniedaplaceattheinternationalanti-slaveryconventioninLondonin1840,washeldinSenecaFalls,whichmarkedthebeginningofthefirstwaveofAmericanFeminism.TheconventionpassedtheDeclarationofSentiments,whichwasprimarilydraftedbyElizabethCadyStanton.“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident:
thatallmenandwomenarecreatedequal…Thehistoryofmankindisahistoryofrepeatedinjuriesandusurpationsonthe
partofmantowardwoman…”(Schneir77).
In1869,ElizabethCadyStantonandSusanB.AnthonyestablishedtheNationalWomen’sSuffrageAssociation.Inthesameyear,LucyStonefoundedtheAmericanWoman’sSuffrageAssociation.BothofthetwoassociationsweredevotedtopromoteasuffrageamendmentofwomentotheConstitution.In1890,thetwoorganizationsmergedintotheNationalAmericanWoman’sSuffrageAssociation,whichlaterbecametheLeagueofWomenVoters.
ThefirstwaveofAmericanfeminismfocusedonthesuffragerightforwomenbutwasnotverysuccessful.However,therewassomeprogressinthereformofpropertylawsandeducationalopportunitiesand“itdidlaysomeoftheintellectualgroundworkforthesecondwaveofAmericanfeminism”(Madsen6).
1.1.2TheSecondWaveofAmericanFeminism:
1960s
ThesecondwaveofAmericanfeminismbeganwithBettyFriedan’sTheFeminineMystique,whichwaspublishedin1963.Later,FriedanfoundedtheNationalOrganizationofWomen(NOW)in1966,markingtheformalbeginningofthesecondmovementofAmericanFeminism.Themainconcernofthemovementwasagainstdifferentkindsofdiscrimination,especiallysex-based,ofwomeninapatriarchysociety.
Withthedevelopmentoffeministactivism,feministtheoriesintheareasofliterature,politics,philosophyandhistoryalsobegantorise.Manywomen’sstudyprogrammesemergedinAmerica.“ThefirstfullWomen’sprogrammewassetupatSanDiegoStateCollegein1970”(Leitch325).Theintendedaimoftheorganizationwas“tochangethesexistbiasoftraditionaleducationandsocialpractices”(Madsen15).Inliterarycriticalfield,traditionalcriticismbecamethetargetoffeministtheorybecauseofitsblindnesstogender.ThepioneerinthisfieldwasKateMiller,theauthorofSexualPolitics(1971).OthercriticsworkinginthisfieldincludedEllenMoers,ElaineShowalter,PatriciaMeyerSpacks,SandraGilbert,SusanGubar,NinaBaymandsoon.Theyaimedtohelppeoplerecognizewomen’svaluebycriticizingtheimagesofwomeninliteraryworksand“defineatraditionofwomen’swritingbyfindingandpublishingtheworkofneglectedwriters”(Madsen15-16).Differentschoolsoffeminismalsoappearedduringthetwoperiodsoffeministmovements,suchasLiberalFeminism,MarxistFeminism,PsychoanalyticFeminism,Ecofeminism,SocialistFeminism,FeminismofColorandsoon.AnditwastheFeminismofColorthatshapedtherealbackboneofAliceWalker’swomanism.
Americanfeminismcontinued,moreandmorecoloredwomengraduallyrealizedthattheyhadbeenexcludedfromthemainstreamwhitefeminism,whichonlypaidattentiontowhitemiddleclasswomen.Therefore,differentkindsofcoloredfeminismappeared.TheywereBlackFeminism,Chicana/LatinaFeminism,NativeFeminismandAsianFeminism(Madsen216).EachgroupofthemhadadistinctivehistoricalexperienceinAmerica.FromthefirstwaveofAmericanfeminism,thewhiteleadersdidnotpayanyattentiontotherelationshipbetweenracialprejudiceandgenderdiscrimination.AngelaY.Davis,ablackfeminist,quotedElizabethCadyStanton’slettertotheNewYorkStandardin1865inherbookWomen,RaceandClass(1981):
“infact,itisbetter[forblackwomen]tobetheslaveofaneducatedwhiteman,thanofadegraded,ignorantblackone”(70).ThesecondwaveofAmericanfeminismstilldidlittle“torecognizetheinterdependenceofracismandsexismassymptomaticofacultureofoppression”(Madsen215).InherbookFeministTheory:
FromMargintoCenter(1984),bellhooks(sic)criticizedtheblindnessofcolorinBettyFriedan’sTheFeminineMystique(1963):
Friedan’sfamousphrase,“theproblemthathasnoname”,actuallyreferredtotheplightofaselectedgroupofcollege-educated,middleandupperclass,marriedwhitewomen---housewivesboredleisure,whowantedmoreoutoflife.That“more”shedefinedascareers.Shedidnotdiscusswhowouldbecalledintotakecareofthechildrenandmaintainthehome.Shedidnotspeakoftheneedsofwomenwithoutmen,withoutchildren,withouthomes.Sheignoredtheexistenceofallnon-whitewomenandpoorwhitewomen.Shedidnottellreaderswhetheritwasmorefulfillingtobeamaid,ababysitter,afactoryworker,aclerk,oraprostitute,thantobealeisurehousewife.
In1973,aspecialBlackFeministgroup,theNationalBlackFeministOrganization(NBFO),wasfoundedinNewYork.In1977,theCombaheeRiverCollective,aBlackFeministgroupinBoston,announcedinthefamousABlackFeministStatement“Aboveallelse,ourpoliticsinitiallysprangfromthesharedbeliefthatblackwomenareinherentlyvaluable,thatourliberationisanecessitynotasanadjuncttosomebodyelse’sbutbecauseofourneedashumanpersonsforautonomy.Werealizedthatonlypeoplewhocareenoughaboutustoworkconsistentlyforourliberationisus.Ourpoliticsevolvefromahealthyloveforourselves,oursistersandourcommunitywhichallowsustocontinueourstruggleandwork”.
Otherfemaleblackwritersandcritics,likeAliceWalker,ToniMorrison,ZoraNealeHuston,AudreLorde,MayaAngelou,PatriciaHillCollins,promotedthedevelopmentofBlackFeminismgreatlybytheirvigorousparticipationandworks.AliceWalkerespeciallystoodoutamongthem.InherbookInSearchofOurMother’sGardens:
WomanistProse(1983),sheputforwardaveryimportanticonforblackfeminist:
womanism,whichwillbediscussedindetailinthenextpart.
1.2Walker’sDefinitionofWomanism
Definitely,awomanistshouldbeawoman;however,thepointisforwhichsexawomanistshouldserve.First,Walkerindicatesthatawomanistshouldloveotherwomen,sexuallyandnonsexually,whichmeansbothlesbiansandnon-lesbianscanbethewomanist.Italsoemphasizessisterhood.InWalker’sworks,thegoodrelationshipamongwomencanbefoundeverywhere.AsinMeridian,theprotagonist,Meridian,helps“WileChile”whenshehearsthat“WileChile”ispregnant.InTheColorPurple
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- 女性主义 角度 紫色 中西 解放 过程 毕业论文
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