英语六级阅读理解练习题四.docx
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英语六级阅读理解练习题四.docx
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英语六级阅读理解练习题四
英语六级阅读理解练习题(四)
Itisfashionablenowadaystotalkabout“Englishes”—surelyoneoftheleastattractiveof
recentcoinages.ButitisanindicationthatthegreatcommunityofusersofEnglisharenowconsciousofthefactthattheydonotallhaveexactlythesameaccent,orhabitofgrammar
andidiom,orvocabulary.Theyhaveachoice,andtheyintendtouseit.HowdoesBritainstand
inthiscomparison,WhatistheroleoftheBritishCouncil,andotherBritisheducational
interests,HowdoesamajorinitiativeliketheCobuildprojectfurthertheimageofBritain
BornwithEnglishabroad,
InBritainonthewholewedonothavemuchofachoice.Wecantakestepstomodifyourlanguagealittle,andtherearesomefamousrecentexamplesoftheperilsattendingthatpolicy.Butbyandlargewejustusethelanguagethatsomehowemergesinearlydevelopmentandusuallyseemsadequateforourdailycommunicationneeds.
WeshouldneverforgetwhatanassetitistousallthatthislanguageisEnglish.EveryonewhohasEnglishasabirthrighthasaninbuilt(固有的)advantageininternationalcommunication.
Notonlyarewesparedthetroubleandexpenseofmasteringthelanguagelateron,wealsohave
accesstoamasteryofitwhichisofsuchhighqualitythatfewforeignerseverreachthesamelevel.
SuchanassetbeatsNorthSeaOilhandsdown.Itmustbeworthbillionsofpoundsayearanditisrenewedsolelybytheoperationofnormalsocialprocesses.OnlyEnglishTherearesomedisadvantageswhichmustatleastbementioned.WeinBritainareindangerofturningthisassetintoarrogance,insularityandcomplacency.Sincethereisnocommercial
pressureonustolearnanyparticularforeignlanguage,wetendasanationtobeverybadlearners
ofotherlanguages.。
Thiscutsusofffromtheabilitytoappreciatefullythecultureofothers,
anddeniesustheabilitytomakethewonderfuloutwardgestureofusingsomeoneelse’sownlanguage.Bothpersonallyandcommercially,mostBritishpeopledonotknowwhattheyaremissing,
andourcompetitorsarewellabletotakeadvantageofthisweakness.
Busyandimportantpeoplenowadaystravelalotandfindthemselvesfrequentlyattendingmeetingsandgivingtalks,whichhavetobeinEnglishalthougheveryoneelsesharesacommonlanguage.Itwouldimprovethesituationifoneachoccasiontheunfortunatemonolingualweretogiveasimpleandsincereapology.Theoldadage(格言)?
thatifyoujustspeakEnglishloudlyenough
everyonewillunderstand,istruerthaneverbefore,butisgettinglessandlesseffective.
Inpracticalterms,ofcourse,thepersonrestrictedtoEnglishcouldnotbeexpectedtospeakallsortsofotherlanguages,andthisisaninhibitingfactor—anyoneelseknowsexactlywhich
languageisbestworthinvestingin.ButwenativespeakersofEnglishshouldalwaysbekeptconsciousofthefactthatwefrequentlyforceourfriends,customersandcolleaguesintoa
disadvantageousposition.WhichEnglish,
TheEnglishlanguagehasbeensosuccessfullyexportedroundtheworldthatthenativespeakersnolongerhavecontroloverit.Theyarenowinasnowminority,forastart,andtoday’slearners
ofEnglisharenotlearningitparticularlytotalktoEnglishmen,butalsototalktoeachother.
Theveryfeaturesthatdistinguishnativespeakersdisqualifythemfromkeydiscussionslike“WhichisthebestEnglish,”
TherearealotofgoodmodelsofEnglishavailable.AswellasBritishEnglishthereisAmericanEnglish,theotherworld-widemodel,。
withCanadian,Australian,NewZealandandSouthAfrican
Englishalsoavailableasprominentmodels.
AndwhatabouttheEnglishwhichisestablishedasasecondlanguageinmanyCommonwealthcountries,IndianEnglish,WestAfricanEnglish,WestIndianEnglish,SingaporeanEnglish
andothershaveadaptedtolocalcircumstancesovermanyyearsandareintheprocessofbeingre-exported.Becausetheyareusedintheeverydaylivesofmillionsofnon-nativespeakers,
theyhavefeatureswhichcouldmakethemveryattractiveaspracticalalternativestoanativespeakervariety.Whennativespeakingteachersarenotwelcomepoliticallyinacountry,for
example,therewillbefoundplentyofwell-qualifiedandexperiencedcolleaguesfromsuchcountries.
Further,wearewitnessatthepresenttimetothedevelopmentofEnglishasanadditionallanguageinanumberofcommunitieswhichhaveacommonlanguagealreadyandwhichareundernopoliticalpressuretoadoptEnglish.PeoplefromScandinavia,WestGermanyandHolland,forinstance,
haveEnglishavailableasamatterofcourse.Theirwayofteachingitismovingfromtheconcernsofaccesstoaforeignculture—thegreatliteratureetc.—totheprioritiesofaworkinglanguage
inacommunity—howtogetthingsdone.Gradually,forinternationalmatters,itwillbemore
sensibletouseEnglishratherthantranslate.Englishlanguagefilmswillnotbedubbed(配
音)orsubtitledanymore.Englishlanguagejournalismwillbeeditedandreadbyforeigncommunities,andgraduallywrittenbythemalso.
VerysoontherewillbepowerfulnewmodelsofEnglishofferedtotheworld—modelswhichcan
claimtohavearisenwithouttheattentionsofnativespeakers,tohavenoneofthemystique,
andyettobeusableastheprincipallanguageofexternalandpublicaffairs.Thesemodelswillderiveauthorityfromanimpressivegroupofscholarsandadministratorswhomustneverbeoverlooked—thethousandsofexpertsonEnglishandtheteachingofitwhoarenotthemselvesnativespeakers.InPractice
Practicalityisakeyfeatureofanyone’schoiceofalanguagemodel.Quiteapartfromthevarious
reasonsadvancedabove,thelearnermayinanactualsituationhaveaveryrestrictedchoiceoflanguagemodels,intheavailableteachersandinaccesstomaterials.Recordedmaterialandradioandtelevisiontransmissionsofferalternatives,buttheymayconfuseasmuchasextendthechoiceavailabletothelearner.
Teachersandlearnersjusthavetomakethebestofwhatisavailabletothematthetimeandintheplacewheretheyareworking.Thesustainedeffortsofauthors,scholarsandpublishers
arekeyfactorsinthestrongpresenceofBritishEnglishabroad,andinthemaintenanceofthat
presence.
Pronunciationisagoodcasewithwhichtoillustratethispoint.Throughouttheworld,learners
ofBritishEnglishareaimingatapronunciationthatfewoftheirteachersuse—theReceived
Pronunciation(RP)associatedwiththepublicschools.ThereasonisthatRPisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisbestdocumentedandmostreadilyavailableinteachingmaterials.Becauseofitsorigins,itisunassailableasamodelandcontributestotheelitistatmosphereoftheBritishvarietyofEnglish.
Butifweputthesecompellingargumentstooneside,andviewitdispassionately,RPisnot
averyusefulmodelofpronunciation.Ithassomeverycomplexsoundcombinations,particularly
diphthongs,anditisnotverycloselyrelatedtothespellingsystem.Unlikeothervarieties,
RPspeakersmakemuchthesamenoisesayingpoor,paw,pour,andpore,anddonotdistinguish
betweenionandiron.SoitisnotthelinguisticfeaturesofRPthatgiveitsuchanappeal,
butitssocialstatusand,aboveall,itsavailabilityintheclassroom.
1.GA(generalAmericanpronunciation)isbecomingmoreandmorepopularwithBritishyouth.2.Britishnativespeakersareignorantofculturesinothercountries.
vocabulary,orpronunciation.3.TheEnglishlanguageisdiverseingrammar,
4.Englishislearnedtocommunicatewithnativespeakers.
5.RPisappealinginthatitsstatusispeculiar.
6.ItisnottroublesomeatalltosubstitutequalifiedEnglishteachersfornativespeakingteachers.
7.Choiceofalanguagemodelisdeterminedbyitspopularity.
8.NativespeakersofEnglishhaveaninnateadvantagein______communication.9.CompetitorsofEnglishspeakersmaywelltakeadvantageoftheweakness—mostBritishpeople
donotknow______.
10.NewmodelsofEnglisharelikelytoemergewithoutthe______.答案:
1.NG2.N3.Y4.N5.Y6.Y7.N
8.international9.whattheyaremissing10.attentionsofnativespeakers
Aresomepeoplebornclever,andothersbornstupid,Orisintelligencedevelopedbyour
environmentandourexperiences,Strangelyenough,theanswertoboththesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgivenusatbirth,andnoamountofspecialeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand,achildwholives
inaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthelimitsofaperson‘sintelligencearefixedatbirth,butwhetheror
nothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldbymostexperts,
canbesupportedinanumberofways.
Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeople,theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandom(任意的)fromthepopulation,
itislikelythattheirdegreesofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.Ifontheotherhandwetaketwoidentical(完全相同的)twinstheywillverylikelybeasintelligentaseachother.Relationslikebrothersandsisters,parentsandchildren,usuallyhavesimilar
intelligence,andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependsonbirth.Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemightsendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.Wewouldsoonfinddifferencesinintelligencedeveloping,andthisin
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