透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义毕业论文.docx
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透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义毕业论文.docx
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透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义毕业论文
透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义
摘要
托马斯·哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中运用了大量的象征手法,成功地刻画了苔丝这样一个生活在乡村的普通妇女的悲剧形象。
苔丝的命运代表了当时许许多多英国农村下层妇女的命运,她的悲剧是个人性格与社会环境冲突的悲剧。
这篇论文主要通过分析小说中的自然景物、动物及场景等意象来阐明《德伯家的苔丝》中蕴含的丰富的生态女性主义思想。
生态女性主义者从女性与自然的渊源关系批判了启蒙时期形成的价值等级观念和男权统治制度,呼吁人们要共织生命之网,创造一个与自然相互依存的世界。
文章透过意象从生态女性主义的角度分析哈代的作品,更能体现生态与女性的关系,从而揭示哈代的生态女性观。
关键词:
意象生态女性主义女性自然父权制社会
IllustrationofEcofeminisminTessofthed’UrbervillesthroughImages
ABSTRACT
ThomasHardyisanoutstandingEnglishwriterwhopossessesaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Ofthe14novelshehaswritten,Tessofthed’Urbervillesisoneofhisgreatest.Inthisnovel,Hardyusedlargeamountsofsymbolismtocreateatragicfigure---Tess,whowasacommonwomanlivedinthecountryside.HerdestinyrepresentedthoseofnumerousEnglishwomenlivinginthelowersocietyatthattime.Tess’stragedyisformedbyherownpersonalitiesandtheconflictswiththesocialsurroundings.
ThispaperisaimedtoillustratetheecofeminisminTessofthed’Urbervillesthroughanalyzingtheimagesinthenovel,suchasnatureimages,animalimagesandsceneimages.Fromtheaspectoftheoriginalrelationshipbetweenwomanandnature,EcofeministscriticizedthevalueratingideasandsystemofpatriarchalcontrolformedduringtheEnlightment.Theyjustwantedtoappealpeopletoweavethenetoflifetogethertocreateaharmoniousanddependantsocietywiththenature.Viewingfromtheperspectiveoftheecofeminismthroughimages,thispaperwillreflecttherelationshipbetweenwomenandnaturebetter,thustohighlighttheHardy’sviewonwomenandnature.
Keywords:
images;Ecofeminism;women;nature;Patriarchalsociety
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Contents
摘要………………………………………………………………..I
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….II
1Introduction…………………………………………………………1
2ImagesofNature……………………………………………………2
2.1Fogs…………………………………………………………2
2.2Stars…………………………………………………………3
2.3Brightness……………………………………………………4
2.4PlantsandFlowers………………………………………….5
2.5NaturalBeauty……………………………………………….5
3ImagesofAnimals……………………………………………………5
3.1Birds………………………………………………………….5
3.2Rabbits………………………………………………………8
3.3Cow…………………………………………………………..8
3.4Cock………………………………………………………….9
4ImagesofScenes…………………………………………………….9
4.1Seasons…………………………………………………….10
4.2LivingEnvironment…………………………………………11
5Conclusion……………………………………………………………12
1Introduction
ThomasHardyisaremarkablenineteenth-centurynovelistaswellasatwentieth-centurypoet.HewasborninDorset,asouthernvillageofEngland,whichhecalledWessexinhisbooks.Attheageoftwenty-two,HardywenttoLondon,wherehestudiedarchitectureforfiveyearsbutatthesametimehealsobecameinterestedinliteratureandphilosophy.Onhisreturntohisnativecountrysidein1867,Hardyworkedasanarchitectforseveralyears.Hisfirstattemptatliteratureprovedsuccessful.Sohegaveuparchitectureandmadeliteraturehisprofession.Hiscreativeoutputisamazingintheworld.
Hardy’sprinciplenovelsdescribethecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.TheyincludeUndertheGreenwoodTree,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,TheReturnofNative,Tessofthed’Urbervilles,etc.Amongthem,Tessofthed’UrbervillescouldberegardedasthesummitofHardy’sliterarycreation.Sinceitsfirstpublicationin1891,ithasneverceasestodrawattention.Therehasalwaysbeenastrongappealforthereadersandincreasingattentionfromliterarycritics.Amongthemthereispraiseaswellaspenetratingcriticism.Anyway,itsliteraryandmoralsignificancehaswonhimageneralapproval.
Inrecentyears,manyforeignanddomesticscholarshavestudiedTessofthed’Urbervillesfromvariousaspectstoillustratethereasonofthetragedyoftheheroine,suchasfeminism,personality,ecofeminism,symbolismandsoon.
Ecofeminismemergedinthe1970swithanincreasingconsciousnessoftheconnectionsbetweenwomenandnature.Theterm“ecofeminism,”whichattemptstodescribe“women’spotentialtoaffectenvironmentalchange,”wasintroducedbyFrancoised’Eaubonnein1974.Itsoughttobringattentiontowomen’sroleandhadbeenusedinavarietyofwayssinceitsintroduction.Ecofeminismcanbeunderstoodasananalysisofenvironmentalissuesandconcernsfromafeministopinion.Alsoithadarousedamovementworkingagainsttheoppressionsofgender,race,classandnature.
Ecofeminists’sopinionmainlyhasthreepoints.First,theybelievethatwomen,thesymbolofthenature,aremuchclosertonaturethanmen.Second,thephenomenonthatwomenareoppressedbymenisconsistentwiththelawthatnaturehasbeenseriouslysufferedfromhumanbehavior,allthesearedeterminedbytheconceptofmale-dominatesystem.Third,theoriginofwomen’smisfortunederivesfromthedestructionofnaturalresources,thesenseofPatriarchalsocialistandgendercontrols.
Inthenovel,Hardycombinedthedescriptionofenvironmentandthecharacterstogether.Tessseemedtobeawomanwithnatureandallherlifewasblendedwiththesurroundings.Whenshewashappyandlucky,everythingwasbright,however,assomemisfortunesfellonher,allthesurroundingswouldbegloomyanddark,coveredwithapessimisticcolor.
ThisessayisaimedtoillustratetheecofeminisminTessofthed’Urbervillesthroughanalyzingtheimagesinthenovel,suchasnatureimages,animalimagesandsceneimages.Thusitwillreflecttherelationshipbetweenwomenandnaturebetter,thustohighlighttheHardy’sviewonwomenandnature.
2ImagesofNature
2.1Fogs
Ecofeminists’sbelievethatwomen,thesymbolofthenature,aremuchclosertonaturethanmen.Whatwomensufferinreallifecanbereflectedthroughthenature.
Fogscreateaverymysticimageinthestory.Inthisnovel,wecanseethattherearenumeroussettingswhereThomasHardyemergesfogsanddarkness.
ItwasonadarknightthatTesswasseducedbyAlecintheChaseWoods.“…tillafaintluminousfog,whichhashunginthehollowsalltheevening,becamegeneralandenvelopedthem.Itseemedtoholdthemoonlightinsuspension,renderingitmorepervasivethaninclearair…inthisgrowingfogyoumightwanderforhoursamongthesetrees…owingtothisfog,whichsodisguiseseverything…Darknessandsilenceruledeverywherearound.”[Tess,p.61-65]Inthewoods,TessandAlecweresurroundedbyheavyfoganddarkness,soTessdidn’tnoticethatAlechasdeliberatelyapproachedhertoseduceher.HereHardyintroducedthemistysettingtoemphasizethehelplessnessofTesswhenshewasseducedbyAlec.
Aftertheseductioninthewoods,Tess’slifewasalwaysaccompaniedbyshadowsofthisuntiltheendofherlife.
WhenTessandAngelmaketheirfirstacquaintanceonthediary,“Thespectral,half-compoundedaqueouslightwhichpervadedtheopenmeadimpressedthemwithafeelingofisolation,asiftheywereAdamandEve….[p219-220].Inthefog,TessandAngelwerelikeEveandAdamlivingintheparadise,justasHardywroteinthenovel.Theywereattractedtoeachotherandsoonfellinlove.Herethefogconveyedamessagethatthefutureoftheirrelationshipwasnotgoingtobeapromisingoneandwouldencounterlotsofobstacles.
Asweallknow,foggivesusafeelingoffuzzyandconfusion.Inthenovel,fog,closelyconnectedtoTess’sdestiny,hintedthatTess’sfuturelifewouldencountermanytroublesandthenbeinfluencedbytheseshadows.
2.2Stars
Obviously,Hardyintegratednatureintohispictureofcharacters’tragicfate.Forinstance,hemadeagreatdealofdescriptionofthestars.Tess’slittlebrotherAbrahamaskedheraboutstarsduringtheirfatefulnightridewhenthehorsePrincewaskilled.AbrahamwonderedifGodwasontheothersideofthestarsandthenhisnaiveteledustoquestionGod’srealexistence,especiallywhenthestars,inAbraham’spicture,weremuchclosertoEarththanGodwas.
AndlateratTalbothays,TessattractedAngel’sattentionbyexplainingtodairymanCrickthatifsheliedonthegrassatnightandlookedatstarsshesoonfeltherselftobeonthestarandnolongerinherbody.Thereasonforherwordsisthatshewasasensitiveandcountygirl,oftenclosetothenature.However,starsaremorethanthis:
theywerealsothesymbolofourfates;weshouldfollowthewaythattheyledus.InTess’spointofview,starsrepresentedawonderfullife.Everytimeshefeltdesperateandconfused,shewouldbecomemorecomfortablejustlookingupatthestarsintheexpansivesky.
2.3Brightness
Sunhadbeenadoredbyhumanbeingssincethelongancienttimes.Thisisbecausethetreasureitbroughtforpeople,suchasbrightness,warmthcouldpromotethegrowthofeverything.Also,thesunanditsbrightness,describedinthenovel,hadbeenendowedwithascaredandbeautifulmeaning.
InTessofthed’Urbervilles,thereweremanysettingsthatdescribedthesunandthethingsitshone.Atthesametime,ithadrepresentedlotsofconnotations:
people’shopeintheirmind,thepraiseforbeauty,savior,thepowerofloveandtheexpectationforthefuture.
“Tess’shopesmingledwiththesunshineinandidealphotospherewhichsurroundedherassheboundedalongagainstthesoftsouthwind.Sheheardapleasantvoiceineverybreezeandineverybird’snoteseemedtolurkajoy….thesunwasoverl
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