基础阶段预习包grammer.docx
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基础阶段预习包grammer.docx
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基础阶段预习包grammer
Grammar
Presentsimple
1.Weusepresentsimpleforpermanentsituationsorfacts.
E.gThesunrisesfromeast.
2.Weusepresentsimpleforregularhabitsorroutines(thatstaythesameforalongtime).
E.gTwomillionteenagersworkpart-time
Presentcontinuous
1.Weusepresentcontinuousforactionshappeningnow,oraroundnow.
E.g StudentsarestudyingEnglishinclassroom.
2.Weusepresentcontinuousforchangingsituationsandtrends
E.gPeopleareusingtheInternetmoreandmore
Peopleinmycountryareusingcomputerstowork.
Presentperfectsimple
1.Weusethepresentperfectsimpletoconnectthepastandnow(themomentofspeaking)
E.gI’mtired!
Ihavebeenworkingformorethan18hours.
2.WeoftenusethepresentperfectsimplewithFORandSINCE(theperiodoftimeisfromthepasttonow)
E.gGermanhasworkedinthesupermarketsinceAugust.
Theyhavebeenfriendssincekindergarten
MylifehaschangedsinceImethim
Mymotherhasbeenheresincethebeginningofsummer
Wehaven’tspokensincelastFriday.
Ihaven’tseenhimforacoupleofweeks
IhavehadthisphotoforthefirsttimeIsawyou.
IhavebeeninBritainfortwoweeks
3.Weusuallyusethepresentperfectsimplejust,already,andyet(wordsthathavealinkwithnow)
ØPresentperfectsimplewithJUST:
weusejustinpositivesentences,tosaysomethinghappenedashorttimeago.
E.gI’vejustmadesomereallygoodmates
ØPresentperfectsimplewithSTILL:
weusestillinnegativesentencesbeforehaven’t/hasn’ttoshowafeelingofsurprise.
E.gIstillhaven’thadany
ØPresentperfectsimplewithYET:
weuseyetattheendofquestionsandnegativesentences,toshowthatthespeakersisexpectingsomethingtohappen
E.gIhaven’tseenagameyet.
Iwrotetoherlastweek.Shehasn’trepliedyet.
ØPresentperfectsimplewithALREADY:
weusealreadyinthemiddleofasentencetosaysomethinghappenedsoonerthanexpected.
E.gI’vealreadyfinishedanEnglishcourse
I’mnothungrybecauseIhavealreadyhadlunch.
4.Weoftenusethepresentperfectsimplewitheverandnever(referringtoanytimeuptonow)
E.gIhaveeverlearnedhowtoplayviolin.
5.Weusethepresentperfectsimpletoshowthatanactionisnowcompleted.Thefocusisontheresult.Wealsouseittosayhowoftensomethinghappened.
E.gAlotofmyfriendshavedecidedtostudyITatanuniversity.
Presentperfectcontinuous
1.Weusethepresentperfectcontinuoustotalkaboutanactionthatmyormaynotbecompleted.Thefocusisontheactionandhowlongithasbeeninprogress.
E.gI’vebeenthinkingaboutworkinginbanking
Pastsimple
1.Weusethepastsimpletotalkabouteventinthepastwhichareseparatefromnow(themomentofspeaking)
E.gOrlandolosthishearingattheageofone.
2.Weusepastsimplewithexpressionssuchaslastweek,ayearago,yesterday(referringtotimecompletelyinpast)
E.gGermanmetOrlandoontheirdayofkindergarten
3Weusepastsimpleforabackgroundactionordescriptionthepast.WeoftenuseWHENwiththistense
E.gWhenHughcameoutoftherailwaystation,Shepwaswaitingforhim
4.Weusethepastsimpletotalkaboutaneventthattookplaceataparticulartimeinthepast
Iatelunchat12o’clock.
Pastcontinuous
1.weusepastcontinuousforaactionthathappenedatonemomentinthepast.WeoftenuseWHILEwiththistense.
E.gWhiletheywerewalking,thestormgotworse
Pastperfectsimple
1.weusepastperfectsimplehenweneedtomakeitclearthataneventtookplacebeforeananotherpastevent.
E.gWhenheturnedaroundtothankShepforsavinghislife,thedoghaddisappearedintothedarkness.
Timeconjunctions:
as/when/assoonas
Øas(=while)
E.gAsthetrainwastravelingthroughthehillsandvalleysofKentucky
Øassoonas(=atexactlythesamemoment)
E.gAssoonasHughstartedtocrossthebridge,Shepstartedbanking
Øthen(=thenextmoment)
E.gThenHughlookeddownatthebridge.
hadbetter/should/oughtto
1.weuseSHOULDorOUTHTTOtogivegeneraladviceandopinions.Theyhaveasimilarmeaning.
E.gYoushouldthinkaboutyourfuture.
Youreallyoughttothinktwice.
(1)weuseHADBETTERtogiveadviceforaspecificsituation.Thereistheideathattherewillbeaproblemistheadviceisnotfollowed.Itisalwaysusedinthepastform(nothavebetter)
E.gIthinkyou’dbettertalktoMumandDad.
vYou’dbetter=Youhadbetter(Not:
Youwouldbetter)
vThenegativeishadbetternot
Futurepredictions
Ø(be)goingto
(1)weusethistotalkaboutdecisions,plansandintentionsmadebeforethetimeofspeaking.
E.gWearen’tgoingtousethenewboatforraces.
(2)Wealsouseittopredictthefuturewhenwecaseesomethingisstartingtohappen
E.gLookout!
He’sgoingtohityou!
ØPresentcontinuous
(1)weusethistotalkaboutarrangementsforthefuture.
E.gThey’restartinginfourweeks’time.
ØWill/won’t(willnot)
(1)weusethistomakepredictions,offersandpromisesandfordecisionsmadeatthetimeofspeaking.
E.gItwillbefinishedinDecember.
Firstconditional
ØIf&Unless
(1)Inthesentencesoffuturetense,bothverbsrefertoactionsoreventsinthepresent/future.
E.gYou’llfallifyouaren’tcareful
(2)Theverbtenseafterthewordsiforunlessispresentsimple/wilbelorwon’t
E.gIfyoudoallthosethings,you’llliveaslongasme.
(3)Theverbtenseintheotherclauseispresentsimple/willor
won’t.
E.gIwillcopythisCDforyouifyouwant.
Presentpassive
(1)weusetheprepositionbyBYtosaywhoorwhatdoestheaction,butonlyifthisisimportant.
E.gSurvivalissupportedbypeopleinmanypartsoftheworld.
Pastpassive
E.gLastyear,anumberofunknowntribeswerediscoveredinvariouspartsoftheworld.
Presentperfectpassive
1.weformthepresentperfectpassivewiththepresentperfectformoftheverbbe+thepastparticiple
E.gThehotelshavebeenbuiltinthelastfiveyears
Theoldfactorysitehasbeenbuiltbybyotherdevelopers.
Futurepassive
1.weformthefuturepassivewithwillorwon’t+be+thepastparticiple
E.gAlotofreallynicetressintheparkwillbecutdown.
Thetownwon’tbedestroyedbythenewhotel!
CausativeHAVE(havesomethingdone)
1.WeoftenusecausativeHAVEwhenwearrangeforsomeonetodosomethingforus(oftenasaservice)
E.gTheyalsohadthesettlersremoved.
Imustgoandhavemyhaircut
Mymumhadanewlineinstalledinheroffice.
make/let/beallowedto
Øbeallowedto
(1)weusebeallowedtototalkaboutobligation/permission.
E.gChildrenareallowedtoplaybasketballafterfinishingtheirhomework.
(2)weusenotallowedtotalkaboutprohibition/obligation.
E.gThecontestantswerenotallowedtosleepforsevendays.
Atschool,wearenotallowedtotakeourmobilephonesintotheclassroom
Ølet
(1)weuselettotalkaboutobligation/permission.
E.gTheproducersletthecontestantstakeoneluxuryitemeach.
Ineverletpeopleusemythingswithoutaskingmefirst.
Ømake
(1)weusemaketotalkaboutobligation/permission.
E.gTheymadeushavecoldshowers.
WhenIlendthingstomybrother,Ialwaysmakehimpromisetobecareful
Modalverbsofobligation,prohibitionandpermission
E.gShatteredwastheprogrammeinwhichpeoplehadtostayawakeaslongaspossible.
Peopledon’thavetobecomecontestantsontheseprogrammes.
Iftheywantto,theycanleave.
Whatcanweexpectnext?
Ahungerprogrammewherepeoplemustn’teatforaweek.
Modalverbsofdeduction(present)
E.gThiscan’tbeaphotoofthemoonbecausetherearenostars.
Becauseoftheshadowsthisphotomustbeafake.
Theastronautmightbeinastudio.
Iknowpeoplecouldbeshockedtohearthatthemoonlandingneverhappened.
Modalverbsofdeduction(past)
1.Tomakeguessesaboutthepast,weusemust,might(not),can’torcould(not)+have+pastparticiple
E.gTheymusthavebuiltthecircleperhapsakilometerormorefromthecoast.
Theycan’t/couldn’thavebuiltSeahengeinthewater.
Peoplemighthaveputthebodiesofthedeadonthetreeinthemiddle.
Verbs+gerunds&Verbs+infinitives
1.Theverbsenjoy,detest,don’tmind,imagine,feellike,suggest,practise,missandcan’tstandareallfollowedbyagerund.
E.gMyparentssuggestedmovingtoanotherhouseafewdaysago.
Ienjoyedgoingtotheshoppingcentre.
Ididn’tmindwatchingTV.
Sheimaginesbeingadancer.
SometimesIfeellikehearingsongswhenIwalkintheforests.
Hecan’tstandplayingthoseboringgames.
Ipractisedplayingtheguitar.
Shemissedeatingwithherparents.
2.Theverbshope,promise,ask,learn,expect,decide,afford,offer,chooseandwantarefollowedbyaverbintheinfinitiveform.
E.gDorianwantstostayyoungforever.
FaustpromisestogivetheDevilhissoul
Frankensteindecidestobuildahumanbeing.
3.Theverblike,love,hate,prefer,beginandstartareusuallyfollowedbyagerund,butaninfinitivecanalsobeused.Thereisnodifferenceinmeaning.
E.gIstartedreadingwhenIwasfour=IstartedtoreadwhenIwasfour
4.REMBMBERandSTOPcanbefollowedbyeitheragerundortheinfinitive-butthemeaningisdifferent.
E.gIremembertalkingtomysisteraboutit.(=ItalkedtoherinthepastandnowIrememberthat)
E.gIfIremembertotalktomysister,thenyoucanhavethegame.(=PerhapsIwillrememberandthenIwilltalktoher.)
Istoppedeatingchocolatesixmonthsago.(=IatechocolateuntilsixmonthsagobutthenIstopped.)
Iwasintownshopping,andIstoppedtoeatasandwich.(=IstoppedandthenIateasandwich.)
Firstconditional
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