93阅读及答案.docx
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93阅读及答案.docx
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93阅读及答案
93年Passage1
Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?
JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickⅡinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.
Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.
TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.
Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsaboutl,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.
Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.
Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling(咿呀学语),graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.
21.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas_________
[A]toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak
[B]todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech
[C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak
[D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage
22.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat_________
[A]theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly
[B]theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce
[C]theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak
[D]theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem
23.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat__________
[A]heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak
[B]hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s
[C]hecanproducehisownsentences
[D]heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing
24.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?
[A]Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.
[B]Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.
[C]Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.
[D]Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.
25.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill________
[A]haveahighIQ [B]belessintelligent
[C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals [D]notnecessarilybebackward
Passage2
Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(官僚主义的)managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.
Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.
Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain---bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.
AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?
Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities----thoseofloveandofreason----aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.
26.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis ______
[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible
[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety
[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly
[D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly
27.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat_____
[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs
[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife
[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence
[D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence
28.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose
[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety
[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus
[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors
[D]whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld
29.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould
[A]resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors
[B]offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees
[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities
[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted
30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof________
[A]approval [B]dissatisfaction [C]suspicion [D]tolerance
Passage3
Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:
hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.
Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly(垄断)andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.
Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.
ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.
Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.
Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevis
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