专业八级155.docx
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专业八级155.docx
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专业八级155
专业八级-155
(总分:
100.05,做题时间:
90分钟)
一、LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(总题数:
3,分数:
100.00)
ControllingYourConcentration
Ⅰ.Theconcernedinformationofconcentration
A.Yourattentionspan1
e.g.thetickingofawatchsounds
asifitincreasesandfades
althoughtheintensityofitisconstant
B.Youpayattentiontoonethingatatime
—a(n)2:
youattendtoseveralconceptsatatime
—Inhighconcentration:
theshiftfromfocusofattentionis
a)ofshort3
b)4
C.5ofyourattentionvarytodifferentdegrees
—highlevel:
longperiodsofattending;shortdistractionperiods
—lowlevel:
shortperiodsofattending;longdistractionperiods
—moderatelevel:
6
e.g.Onecan"tconcentratebecause7aretoostrong
Ⅱ.Twosortsofdistractors
A.Psychologicaldistractors
—8arethemostpowerfuldistractors
a)angrymanforgetsthepain
b)fearfulmanishardtobehappy
c)anxiousmanisuneasyaboutthesmallestofmatters
—peopleact9underpressure
B.10
—traits:
alwayspresentandrarelyunderstood
—physicaldistractorsonmentaltasks
a)backgroundmusiccouldaffect
comprehensionand11
b)distractorsaffecttheabilitytorecallaccurately
c)12affectsmentaltaskadversely
Ⅲ.Routineand13areaffecteddifferentlybydistractors
A.Distractionmaynotaffect(14)insomebackgrounds
B.Exceptionalpeopledowellunder14because
—motivationplaysimportantly
—differencesexistinindividualspansofattention
ControllingYourConcentration
Ⅰ.Theconcernedinformationofconcentration
A.Yourattentionspan1
e.g.thetickingofawatchsounds
asifitincreasesandfades
althoughtheintensityofitisconstant
B.Youpayattentiontoonethingatatime
—a(n)2:
youattendtoseveralconceptsatatime
—Inhighconcentration:
theshiftfromfocusofattentionis
a)ofshort3
b)4
C.5ofyourattentionvarytodifferentdegrees
—highlevel:
longperiodsofattending;shortdistractionperiods
—lowlevel:
shortperiodsofattending;longdistractionperiods
—moderatelevel:
6
e.g.Onecan"tconcentratebecause7aretoostrong
Ⅱ.Twosortsofdistractors
A.Psychologicaldistractors
—8arethemostpowerfuldistractors
a)angrymanforgetsthepain
b)fearfulmanishardtobehappy
c)anxiousmanisuneasyaboutthesmallestofmatters
—peopleact9underpressure
B.10
—traits:
alwayspresentandrarelyunderstood
—physicaldistractorsonmentaltasks
a)backgroundmusiccouldaffect
comprehensionand11
b)distractorsaffecttheabilitytorecallaccurately
c)12affectsmentaltaskadversely
Ⅲ.Routineand13areaffecteddifferentlybydistractors
A.Distractionmaynotaffect(14)insomebackgrounds
B.Exceptionalpeopledowellunder14because
—motivationplaysimportantly
—differencesexistinindividualspansofattention
(分数:
30.00)
解析:
vanes//fluctuates[原力原文]
ControllingYourConcentration
Goodmorning,everyone.Todayourtopicisonhowtocontrolyourconcentration.Firstofall,wehavetolookatdefinitionofconcentration.Psychologicallydefined,concentrationistheprocessofcenteringone"sattentionoveraperiodoftime.Inpracticalapplication,however,concentrationisnotassimpletodealsuccessfullywithasthedefinitionmayimply.Forthisreason,itishelpfultokeepthefollowingpointsinmind.
Thefirstpoint,yourattentionspanvaries.Evenwiththegreatesteffort,ourspanofattentionfluctuates.Youcandemonstrateforyourselfthisfluctuationofattention.Inaquietroom,placeawatchsothatitcanjustscarcelybeheard.Listencarefullyandnoticehowthetickingincreasesinapparentintensity,fadestoapointwhereitcannotbeheard,andthenincreasesagain.Thisphenomenonrevealshowourspanofattentionfluctuates,fortheintensityofthetickingisactuallyconstant.
Secondly,youpayattentiontoonethingatatime.Evidencetodateindicatesthatyouattendtooneideaatatime.Itispossibleforyourattentiontoshiftsorapidlythatitseemsthatyouattendtoseveralconceptsatonce.Butapparentlythisisonlyanillusion.Inhighconcentrationtheshiftfromthefocusofattentionisofshortdurationandrelativelyinfrequent.
Thirdly,wewilltalkaboutlevelsofhigh,moderate,andlowattention.High-levelattentionhaslongperiodsofattendingandshortdistractionperiods.Inlow-levelattentiontheperiodsofattendingareshortandthedistractionperiodslong.Inmoderate-levelattention,thereisamixtureoftheextremes.Thusitiseasytoseethatitishighlyunlikelythatthestudentwhohasmostofhisattentioncenteredonfancyingatlargewillbeabletorecalleventhemajorpointsofalecture.Lackofconcentrationisasymptom,notacause,ofdifficulty.Whenastudentsays"Ican"tconcentrate",whatheisreallysayingis,"Ican"tattendtothetaskathandbecausemydistractorsaretoostrong."
Fourthly,wecometothetwosortsofdistractors—psychologicalandphysical.Adistractorisanythingwhichcausesattentiontovaryfromacentralfocalpoint.Inthestudysituationdistractorsmaybethoughtofaseitherpsychologicalorphysicalinnature.Bothtypesofdistractorsmustbeunderstoodbeforethestudentcanattempttoremedyhislackofconcentration.Ithasbeenprovenbyscientiststhatemotionsarethemostpowerfuldistractors.Theangrymanforgetsthepainofinjury,thefearfulmanfindsitdifficulttoenjoypleasureandthetenseoranxiouspersonmayreactviolentlytothesmallestofmatters.Inthestudent"slifetherearemanypsychologicalpressuresandtensionswhichblockeffectiveproductivity.Thefearsaboutmakingthegrade,thedoubtsofthefriendlinessofafriend"sbehaviourandthepressuresoflimitedfinances—theseareonlyafewoftheemotionalforceswhichaffectthestudent.Emotionalreactionvariesgreatlyfrompersontoperson.Somepersonsgaingoalanddirectionfromtheirtensionsandactuallydobetterbecauseofthem.Othersfallapartunderpressure,whileafewpeopledowelldespitethepressure.Physicaldistractorsarealwayspresentandrarelyunderstood.Ourenvironmentismuchmoreimportanttohowwefeelandreactthanweoftenthink.Particularlyisthistrueoftheeffectofphysicaldistractorsonmentaltasks.Oneresearchreporthasshownthatcomprehensionandretentionofreadingweredecreasedwhenstudentslistenedtolivelymusic.However,rateofreadingwasnotaffected,sothatmanystudentswerenotawarethat.theywereaffectedbythebackgrounddistractor.Anotherstudyfoundthattheabilitytorecallaccuratelywasaffectedbydistractingconditions.Mostoftheevidenceindicatesthatnoiseaffectsadverselyhighermentaltaskoutput.Still,theeffectofdistractorsisseldomfullyappreciatedbystudents.
Next,wearegoingtotalkaboutroutineandreasoningtasksareaffecteddifferentlybydistractors.Manyroutinetaskscanbeperformedwithdistractioninthebackgroundwithlittleornoadverseeffectonoutput.Moststudentshavefoundthisfacttobetruefromtheirownexperience.Theymayhavehadhighschoolhomeworkwhichwasdrillormerelycopyingassignments.Itwaspossibletodosuchworkwiththelatestrecordingsorthetelevisionsetplayinginthebackground.Intimesuchstudentsbegantofeelcertainthattheycoulddoallwork—routineorproblem-solving—inthesamemanner.Theevidenceindicatesthecontraryconclusion.
Lastbutnotleast,we"vegottorememberthatexceptionsmaymisleadyou.Typicallywhenstudentsarefacedwiththeevidenceondistractorstheargumentisgiventhattheircousin,friend,orclassmatecanstudyin"GrandCentralStation."Andhemakes"allA"s"too!
Thereisevidence,ofcourse,thatmotivationplaysanimportantroleinovercomingtheeffectsofdistractorsandthatthereareconsiderabledifferencesinindividualspansofattention.Eitherofthesefactorscouldaccountforsomeindividualsbeingabletodowellusinginefficientmethods.Thefactthatsomeexceptionalpeopledowellunderadverseconditionsscarcelyjustifiesyourassumingthatyouareexceptionalinthesamemanner.Yourchancesofsuccessarehigherifyouavoidthedistracterswhichareknowntohinderthetypicalstudent.
Tosumupwhatwehavediscussedtoday.Generallyspeaking,todaywemainlyfocusedonconcentrationsandwehaveprovidedwithyousixsuggestionsonhowtocontrolyourconcentration.Wehopethesesuggestionswillbehelpful.
[解析]整篇讲座的主题是如何控制注意力。
首先提出concentration的定义,接下来讲述第一个要点“你的注意力范围是变化(varies)的”,接着又再次提到“即使付出最大努力,我们注意力的范围还是波动(fluctuates)的”。
因此,此空可填入varies或fluctuates。
解析:
illusion//misconception[解析]录音原文提到,“你的注意力可能转移得很快,似乎能立刻注意到几个概念”,但紧接着说这种现象“是错觉(illusion)”。
因此,此处应填入illusion或misconception。
要点提示词but表示转折关系,其后的信息是常考之处,笔记中不可忽视。
解析:
duration//period[解析]针对上一题提到的illusion(错觉),本题说的是对注意力的正确认识,录音提到“注意力的焦点转移是在很短时间(duration)内”,结合题目应填入duration或其同义词period。
解析:
relativelyinfrequent[解析]这里考查的是注意力转移的另一个情况:
relativelyinfrequent。
解析:
Levels[解析]录音提到了attention的三种level,即highlevel,moderatelevel,lowlevel。
应填入Levels。
如果笔记中没有记下,还可以从题目后的分项内容中找到答案,level出现了三次!
注意首字母大写。
解析:
mixtureofextremes[解析]录音提到,中度的注意力,是两者的结合。
由于每个空格最多填入三个单词,故用mixtureofextremes。
解析:
distractors[解析]录音提到:
“因为分散我的注意力的干扰物(distractors)太强,我不能专心手头的工作。
”由此可知答案为distractors。
录音中多次提到distractors一词,多次提及的内容为常考处,笔记时需特别注意。
解析:
emotions[解析]录音提到,科学家证实情绪(emotions)是造成分心的最大因素。
由此可知填入emotions。
若笔记中没有记录,还可根据题目中的angry,fearful,anxious进行推断,这些词分别表达了各种情绪。
解析:
differently//variedly[解析]录音原文描述了情绪对注意力的影响后,紧接着提到“对情绪的反应因人而异”,结合空格处前后的文字可以推断答案为differently或variedly。
如果没有听清或听懂variesgreatlyfrompersontoperson,也可以从其后的Somepersons...Others...得知,人们在压力之下会有“不同的(different)”表现。
解析:
Physicaldistractors[解析]填入的词与Psychologicaldistractors并列。
结合录音不难发现这里填Physicaldistractors。
解析:
retention[解析]录音提到“研
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