考博英语语法总结.docx
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考博英语语法总结.docx
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考博英语语法总结
考博英语语法重点总结(供参考).docx
独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装
独立主格特征
1.充当句子的状语。
2.有自己的主语,同句子的主语不一致。
3.名词(代词,形容词,副词,介词)+分词
4.With+名词(代词)+分词(形容词)
例:
a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.
b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.
c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen(holdingarifle).
真题剖析
(1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem.
45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because
练习:
Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf__7__fromthedoor,theworld__8__yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo__9__youreallywanttodo.
8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.be
虚拟语气
虚拟语气
(2)
1.(should)+动词原形
It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable…)+that从句
It+be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved…)+that从句
部分名词/动词(表示建议,劝告,决定等)+that从句
2.It’s(high,about)timethat+动词过去式
wouldrather+动词过去式
真题剖析
(1997)…Iwouldn’tbetruthfulifI47saythatteachingishardwork.…
47.A.doB.didC.don’tD.didn’t
(1993)…TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome.
53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded
练习:
Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe__15__thismessagetoheart.
15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake
(2003.3)Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven__54__otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing.
(evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.)
54.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should
非谓语动词
动名词、分词、不定式。
主动或被动。
(doing/done,todo/tobedone)
发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。
(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)
To在什么情况下作介词,什么情况下作不定式引导词。
真题剖析
(2000)…IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.
60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops
(2001.3)Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa59life:
hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways.
59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedD.derivative
主谓一致
1.整体及抽象概念作主语,谓语通常用单数形式。
Howyougottheredoesn’tconcernme.
Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.
2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语,谓语多用单数。
Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.
3.以-s结尾的专有名词(linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等),谓语通常用单数形式。
4.“分数或百分数+主语”,谓语跟主语保持一致。
Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater).
5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语,谓语用单数。
Everyoneknowsthatyou’vecomehere.
Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(--thing的情况例外)
6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致(aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等)
HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.
7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。
(or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but,partly…partly等)
Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.
8.each,every,manya,no…+主语,谓语用单数。
ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall.
真题剖析
(2000)…MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfrica’scitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded.
53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some
倒装
全部倒装
1.“There(Here)+be+主语”
Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.
Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.
2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆,如itblewup.)
Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.
3.介词短语作状语位于句首
Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.
4.表语位于句首
Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.
Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.
5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文
Shewasn’tangry,andneitherwasI.
Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.
6.分词短语位于句首(分词+be+主语)
Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil.
部分倒装
1.疑问句
2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首(作形容词时例外)
NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.
3.“only+状语”位于句首
Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.
4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“nosooner…than”,“notonly…(butalso)”位于句首
Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan.
5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount…)
Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.
Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.
6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首)
7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though(尽管,虽然)+be动词”
Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.
Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.
真题剖析
(2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46.
46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people
限定词的用法
1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)
2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)
3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)
4.Much,
little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数)
eg.“Gotanymoney?
”“Noneatall.”
eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?
”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”
从句为考察重点
(1999)…Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.…
51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that
(1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,…
52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If
(1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.
46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthat
omittingthesubject
Ratherformaluse
让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。
Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.
Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.
Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前,如:
Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone.
Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour.
WHILE
1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith.
2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV.
3.WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar.
AND
1.oftenusedtolinkclauses
Icameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.
2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.
Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.
Doasyou’retoldandyou’llbeallright.
WHERE
1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow.
2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived.
3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.
4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree.
5.Now,wherewerewe?
Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn.
6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference)
WHICH
(本身无意义,必须接在名词或代词后面)
1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday?
NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed.
2.分割句子,补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase.
Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.
Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewon'tarriveforanotherhour.
THAT多用于同位语从句和-thing的定语从句中。
WHAT
(有实际意义,可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.
2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.
3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthat'swhatyouwant.
4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.
5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs.
AS
1.比较
Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo.
2.作为,正如…We'dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.
David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.
3.看作,看待
Theresultoflastweek'selectionwillbeseenasavictory.
4.当…时候=whileorwhen
IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.
5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.
6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldn'tgetthedooropen.
Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand.
I'dbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.
Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee.
IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity.
Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool.
Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher.
Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.
过去分词与形容词的语义差:
1.Destructive:
causingdamagetopeopleorthings
thedestructivepowerofmodernweapons
Damaged:
beinginabadstate
emotionallydamagedchildren
2.Respected:
admiredbymanybecauseofachievements
He'soneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame.
Respectful:
feelingorshowingrespect
Theylistenedinrespectfulsilence.
3.Preferred:
Herownpreferredmethodsofexercise
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