存在主义与人类情感 萨特 精品.docx
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存在主义与人类情感 萨特 精品.docx
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存在主义与人类情感萨特精品
EXISTENTIALISM
ANDHUMANEMOTIONS
EXISTENTIALISM
Ishouldlikeonthisoccasiontodefendexistentialismagainstsomechargeswhichhavebeenbroughtagainstit.
First,ithasbeenchargedwithinvitingpeopletoremaininakindofdesperatequietismbecause,sincenosolutionsarepossible,weshouldhavetoconsideractioninthisworldasquiteimpossible.Weshouldthenendupinaphilosophyofcontemplation;andsincecontemplationisaluxury,wecomeintheendtoabourgeoisphilosophy.Thecommunistsinparticularhavemadethesecharges.
Ontheotherhand,wehavebeenchargedwithdwellingonhumandegradation,withpointingupeverywherethesordid,shady,andslimy,andneglectingthegraciousandbeautiful,thebrightsideofhumannature;forexample,accordingtoMlle.Mercier,aCatholiccritic,withforgettingthesmileofthechild.Bothsideschargeuswithhavingignoredhumansolidarity,withconsideringmanasanisolatedbeing.Thecommunistssaythatthemainreasonforthisisthatwetakepuresubjectivity,theCartesianIthink,asourstartingpoint;inotherwords,themomentinwhichmanbecomesfullyawareofwhatitmeanstohimtobeanisolatedbeing;asaresult,weareunabletoreturntoastateofsolidaritywiththemenwhoarenotourselves,astatewhichwecanneverreachinthecogito.
FromtheChristianstandpoint,wearechargedwithdenyingtherealityandseriousnessofhumanundertakings,since,ifwerejectGod'scommandmentsandtheeternalverities,therenolongerremainsanythingbutpurecaprice,witheveryonepermittedtodoashepleasesandincapable,fromhisownpointofview,ofcondemningthepointsofviewandactsofothers.
Ishalltrytodaytoanswerthesedifferentcharges.Manypeoplearegoingtobesurprisedatwhatissaidhereabouthumanism.Weshalltrytoseeinwhatsenseitistobeunderstood.Inanycase,whatcanbesaidfromtheverybeginningisthatbyexistentialismwemeanadoctrinewhichmakeshumanlifepossibleand,inaddition,declaresthateverytruthandeveryactionimpliesahumansettingandahumansubjectivity.
Asisgenerallyknown,thebasicchargeagainstusisthatweputtheemphasisonthedarksideofhumanlife.Someonerecentlytoldmeofaladywho,whensheletslipavulgarwordinamomentofirritation,excusedherselfbysaying,"IguessI'mbecominganexistentialist."Consequently,existentialismisregardedassomethingugly;thatiswhywearesaidtobenaturalists;andifweare,itisrathersurprisingthatinthisdayandagewecausesomuchmorealarmandscandalthandoesnaturalism,properlysocalled.ThekindofpersonwhocantakeinhisstridesuchanovelasZola'sTheEarthisdisgustedassoonashestartsreadinganexistentialistnovel;thekindofpersonwhoisresignedtothewisdomoftheages--whichisprettysad--findsusevensadder.Yet,whatcanbemoredisillusioningthansaying"truecharitybeginsathome"or"ascoundrelwillalwaysreturnevilforgood"?
Weknowthecommonplaceremarksmadewhenthissubjectcomesup,remarkswhichalwaysadduptothesamething:
weshouldn'tstruggleagainstthepowers-that-be;weshouldn'tresist,authority;weshouldn'ttrytoriseaboveourstation;anyactionwhichdoesn'tconformtoauthorityisromantic;anyeffortnotbasedonpastexperienceisdoomedtofailure;experienceshowsthatman'sbentisalwaystowardtrouble,thattheremustbeastronghandtoholdhimincheck,ifnot,therewillbeanarchy.Therearestillpeoplewhogoonmumblingthesemelancholyoldsaws,thepeoplewhosay,"It'sonlyhuman!
"wheneveramoreorlessrepugnantactispointedouttothem,thepeoplewhoglutthemselvesonchansonsréalistes;thesearethepeoplewhoaccuseexistentialismofbeingtoogloomy,andtosuchanextentthatIwonderwhethertheyarecomplainingaboutit,notforitspessimism,butmuchratheritsoptimism.CanitbethatwhatreallyscarestheminthedoctrineIshalltrytopresenthereisthatitleavestomanapossibilityofchoice?
Toanswerthisquestion,wemustre-examineitonastrictlyphilosophicalplane.Whatismeantbythetermexistentialism?
Mostpeoplewhousethewordwouldberatherembarrassediftheyhadtoexplainit,since,nowthatthewordisalltherage,eventheworkofamusicianorpainterisbeingcalledexistentialist.AgossipcolumnistinClartéssignshimselfTheExistentialist,sothatbythistimethewordhasbeensostretchedandhastakenonsobroadameaning,thatitnolongermeansanythingatall.Itseemsthatforwantofanadvance-guarddoctrineanalogoustosurrealism,thekindofpeoplewhoareeagerforscandalandflurryturntothisphilosophywhichinotherrespectsdoesnotatallservetheirpurposesinthissphere.
Actually,itistheleastscandalous,themostaustereofdoctrines.Itisintendedstrictlyforspecialistsandphilosophers.Yetitcanbedefinedeasily.Whatcomplicatesmattersisthattherearetwokindsofexistentialist;first,thosewhoareChristian,amongwhomIwouldincludeJaspersandGabrielMarcel,bothCatholic;andontheotherhandtheatheisticexistentialists,amongwhomIclassHeidegger,andthentheFrenchexistentialistsandmyself.Whattheyhaveincommonisthattheythinkthatexistenceprecedesessence,or,ifyouprefer,thatsubjectivitymustbethestartingpoint.
Justwhatdoesthatmean?
Letusconsidersomeobjectthatismanufactured,forexample,abookorapaper-cutter:
hereisanobjectwhichhasbeenmadebyanartisanwhoseinspirationcamefromaconcept.Hereferredtotheconceptofwhatapaper-cutterisandlikewisetoaknownmethodofproduction,whichispartoftheconcept,somethingwhichis,byandlarge,aroutine.Thus,thepaper-cutterisatonceanobjectproducedinacertainwayand,ontheotherhand,onehavingaspecificuse;andonecannotpostulateamanwhoproducesapaper-cutterbutdoesnotknowwhatitisusedfor.Therefore,letussaythat,forthepaper-cutter,essence--thatis,theensembleofboththeproductionroutinesandthepropertieswhichenableittobebothproducedanddefined--precedesexistence.Thus,thepresenceofthepaper-cutterorbookinfrontofmeisdetermined.Therefore,wehavehereatechnicalviewoftheworldwherebyitcanbesaidthatproductionprecedesexistence.
WhenweconceiveGodastheCreator,Heisgenerallythoughtofasasuperiorsortofartisan.Whateverdoctrinewemaybeconsidering,whetheronelikethatofDescartesorthatofLeibnitz,wealwaysgrantthatwillmoreorlessfollowsunderstandingor,attheveryleast,accompaniesit,andthatwhenGodcreatesHeknowsexactlywhatHeiscreating.Thus,theconceptofmaninthemindofGodiscomparabletotheconceptofpaper-cutterinthemindofthemanufacturer,and,followingcertaintechniquesandaconception,Godproducesman,justastheartisan,followingadefinitionandatechnique,makesapaper-cutter.Thus,theindividualmanistherealizationofacertainconceptinthedivineintelligence.
Intheeighteenthcentury,theatheismofthephilosophesdiscardedtheideaofGod,butnotsomuchforthenotionthatessenceprecedesexistence.Toacertainextent,thisideaisfoundeverywhere;wefinditinDiderot,inVoltaire,andeveninKant.Manhasahumannature;thishumannature,whichistheconceptofthehuman,isfoundinallmen,whichmeansthateachmanisaparticularexampleofauniversalconcept,man.InKant,theresultofthisuniversalityisthatthewild-man,thenaturalman,aswellasthebourgeois,arecircumscribedbythesamedefinitionandhavethesamebasicqualities.Thus,heretootheessenceofmanprecedesthehistoricalexistencethatwefindinnature.
Atheisticexistentialism,whichIrepresent,ismorecoherent.ItstatesthatifGoddoesnotexist,thereisatleastonebeinginwhomexistenceprecedesessence,abeingwhoexistsbeforehecanbedefinedbyanyconcept,andthatthisbeingisman,or,asHeideggersays,humanreality.Whatismeantherebysayingthatexistenceprecedesessence?
Itmeansthat,firstofall,manexists,turnsup,appearsonthescene,and,onlyafterwards,defineshimself.Ifman,astheexistentialistconceiveshim,isindefinable,itisbecauseatfirstheisnothing.Onlyafterwardwillhebesomething,andhehimselfwillhavemadewhathewillbe.Thus,thereisnohumannature,sincethereisnoGodtoconceiveit.Notonlyismanwhatheconceiveshimselftobe,butheisalsoonlywhathewillshimselftobeafterthisthrusttowardexistence.
Manisnothingelsebutwhathemakesofhimself.Suchisthefirstprincipleofexistentialism.Itisalsowhatiscalledsubjectivity,thenamewearelabeledwithwhenchargesarebroughtagainstus.Butwhatdowemeanbythis,ifnotthatmanhasagreaterdignitythanastoneortable?
Forwemeanthatmanfirstexists,thatis,thatmanfirstofallisthebeingwhohurlshimselftowardafutureandwhoisconsciousofimagininghimselfasbeinginthefuture.Manisatthestartaplanwhichisawareofitself,ratherthanapatchofmoss,apieceofgarbage,oracauliflower;nothingexistspriortothisplan;thereisnothinginheaven;manwillbewhathewillhaveplannedtobe.Notwhathewillwanttobe.Becausebytheword"will"wegenerallymeanaconsciousdecision,whichissubsequenttowhatwehavealreadymadeofourselves.Imaywanttobelongtoapoliticalparty,writeabook,getmarried;butallthatisonlyamanifestationofanearlier,morespontaneouschoicethatiscalled"will."Butifexistencereallydoesprecedeessence,manisresponsibleforwhatheis.Thus,existentialism'sfirstmoveistomakeeverymanawareofwhatheisandtomakethefullresponsibil
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