美国文学整理.docx
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美国文学整理.docx
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美国文学整理
美国文学整理
ChapterI
TheColonialPeriodAnd17thCenturyLiteratureofPuritanism
I.HistoryBackground
⏹EarlysettlementinAmerica,theearlysettlers
⏹Puritansandpuritanism
⏹FeaturesofAmericanpuritanism
⏹StrugglesbetweentheAmericanIndiansandthesettlers,thefalloftheAmericanIndiantribes
⏹Puritanismexertedgreatinfluenceintheintellectualandeconomiclifeofthesettlers
⏹ConflictsandbattlesbetweentheEuropeancolonists
Puritansandpuritanism
⏹Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestantswithintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformationhadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence.Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury.
PuritansbelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'schosenpeople(God'select)whileotherswerepredestinedtobedamnedtohell.Thesuccessofone'sworkortheprosperityinhiscalling(vocation)givenbyGodwasthesignofbeingGod'select.Therefore,everyonemustworkhard,spendlittleandinvestformorebusiness.Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics.TheyregardedBibletobetheauthorityoftheirdoctrine.TobeabletoreadtheBibleandunderstandGod'swill,educationwasessentialforPuritans.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbath(安息日)andotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,andrespectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs
⏹PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.
II.Thedevelopmentofliterature
⏹EarlyAmericanwritings:
diaries,travelbooks,collectionsofletters,journals,histories,poetry,biographies,autobiographiesandprose;JohnSmith’swriting
⏹FeatursfotheearlyAmeriocanliterature:
religioussubjectandimitationofEnglishliterarytraditions
III.Importantwritersorwritingsinthecolonialperiod
1.WilliamBradford
⏹OfPlimothPlantation,writteninHebrew,publishedtill1856,recodsofthePuritanpilgrims
⏹Thefirsttenchapters:
thehistoryofthePuritansbeford1620;
⏹The“SecondBook”:
thepuritans’historyinPlymouthfrom1620until1647
2.TheBayPsalmBook—thefirstbookwritteninEnglishandprintedinAmerica(1640),translatedfromHebrewbyapproximatelythirtyclergymenincludingRichardMather,JohnEliotandThomasWeld;thesuccessofthebookliesinitsreligiouscontentandskillfultranslation
3.AnneBradstreet–thefirstnoteworthyAmerican
⏹1)TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)《美洲最近出现的第十位缪斯》
⏹2)Featureofherpoems:
p11
⏹3)Readandappreciateherpoem“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”《献给我亲爱的丈夫》
⏹—Itisapassionatelovepoem,lyrical,lovely,humanandsimple.Bradstreetisveryclearinhermessageinstatingthatsheandherhusbandareverymuchinloveandcontentwiththatlove.Itisalsofreeofanyreligiousdogma.Forthisreason,itmaybeconsideredtohavethemosthereticalelementsofanyofherpoems.
⏹--thelasttwolinesformcouplet:
⏹“当我们活在世上,让我们爱情长存,/当我们不再活着,让我们因此永生。
”
4.RogerWilliams–symbolizedtheAmericanidealsoflibertyofconscienceandtolerationofracialandreligiousdifferences;hismajorworksareindefenceofreligiousfreedomandsocialjustice
5.EdwardTaylor–themostgiftedofthePuritanpoets;resemblingthemetaphysicalpoetsinEngland
6.CottonMather–anumberofhiswritingshavebeenconsideredavaluablemsourceforknowledgeofthehistoryandthepeopleofcolonialNewEngland
ThePeriodofEnlightenment
I. ThebackgroundofAmericanliteratureinthe18thcentury
II.TheliteratureoftheAgeofreason
III.WritersandInterpretationoftheirrepresentativeworks
I. ThebackgroundofAmericanliteratureinthe18thcentury
TheWarofIndependence1775-1783
--18th-centuryAmericanisanageofEnlightenment,ofreasonandorder
--Deism
vTheEnlightmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughEuropeinthe18thc.TheEnlightenersbelievedthatthesocialproblemscouldn’tbesolvedbychurchdoctrineorGod,sotheystronglyadvocatededucation,self-governmentandfreedomforthemassesofpeople.Inotherwords,theybelievedinthepowerofreason.TheybegantoreconsidertherelationsbetweenmanandNatureandGod,believingthatmancouldassumegreatercontrolofNaturewithoutoffendingthemajestyofGod
v
vDeismisthetheisticbeliefthatasupremeGodexistsandcreatedthephysicaluniverse,butshallnotinterveneinitsnormaloperation.Deiststypicallyrejectmostsupernaturalevents(prophecy,miracles)andtendtoassertthatGoddoesnotintervenewiththeaffairsofhumanlifeandthenaturallawsoftheuniverse.DeistsbelievethatGod'sgreatestgifttohumanityisnotreligion,buttheabilitytoreason.
Twofeaturesconstitutedthecoreofdeism:
Therejectionofrevealedreligion
Thebeliefthatreason,notfaith,leadsustocertainbasicreligioustruths
vCriticalelementsofdeistthoughtincluded:
1)RejectionofallreligionsbasedonbooksthatclaimtocontaintherevealedwordofGod.
2)Rejectionofreportsofmiracles,propheciesandreligious"mysteries".
3)RejectionoftheGenesisaccountofcreationandthedoctrineoforiginalsin,alongwithallsimilarbeliefs.
4)RejectionofJudaism,Christianity,Islamandotherreligiousbeliefs
vConstructiveelementsofdeistthoughtincluded:
1)Godgavemenreason.
2)Godexists,createdandgovernstheuniverse.
3)Godwantshumanbeingstobehavemorally.
4)Humanbeingshavesoulsthatsurvivedeath;thatis,thereisanafterlife.
TheDevelopmentofLiteratureintheAgeofReson
vAnobvioustransitionfromPuritanismtotheEnlightment
vUtilitariantendency–aprincipalfeatureinAmericanliterature
vProsemakesupaprominentpartof18thcAmericanliterature
vNeoclassicaltastewasfoundinpoetry
vOtherliterarygneres:
earlydramas,novels(gothic,sentimentalandsatirical)
BenjaminFranklin
“masterofeachandmasteredbynone—thetypeandgeniusofhisland.”
--HermanMelville
--thesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,theembodimentofthenationalmanandtheAmericanDream
--hisworks:
PoorRichard’sAlmanac
TheAutobiography
famoussayings,mottosormaximsfromhisPoorRichard’sAlmanac
Losttimeisneverfoundagain;
--Apennysavedisapennyearned;
--Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves;
--Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays;
--Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise
PhilipFreneau
v1)Honors&significance
v“FatherofAmericanPoetry”;“FatherofAmericanRevolution”
vAtransitionalfigurebetweenneoclassicismandromanticism
vSomeofhisthemesandimagesanticipatedtheworksofsuch19thcenturyAmericanRomanticwritersasEmerson,PoeandLongfellow.
2)MajorWorks
a)TheBritishPrisonShip1781《英国囚船》
b)TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans1781《纪念美国勇士》
c)TheWildHoneySuckle1786《野金银花》
d)TheIndianBuryingGround1788《印第安人埋葬之地》
“The wild honey suckle"is PhilipFreneau's most widely read natureal lyric with the theme of transience.the central image is a nativewild flower,which makes a drastic difference from elite flower images typical of tradition english poems.The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty,which was the characteristic of romantic poets.In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature.He not only meditated on mortality but also celebrated nature.it implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature,
vThe poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas,rhyming:
ababcc .The structure of the poem is regular,so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion and balance.
vThe arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables suggests the transience of the life of the flower and the poet's emotional change.the poem is full of sensuous images such as fair flower visual image,comely grow kinasthetic image and honeyed blossoms olfactory image.all the images make us feel pity for the beautiful flower which has only a short life.
vObviously the poet is sentimental,deistic optimist.The line"the sapace is but an hour"contains a hyperbole stressing and transience of life.
vThe tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimistic.
TheEnglishTranscendentalismAndTheRomanticAge
I. HistoryThebackground
II.AmericanRomanticism
III.WritersandworksofAmericanRomanticism
II.AmericanRomanticism
(1) TheRomanticperiodofAmericanliterature—fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar;beginningwiththepublicationofIrving’sTheSketchBookandendingwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrasses.ThisperiodisalsocalledAmericanRenaissance.
(2)ThesummitofAmericanromanticism—NewEnglandTranscendentalism
NewEnglandTranscendentalism
(1)Concept
(2)Sorces
(3)Reaction
(4)ThefeaturesofTranscendentalism
(5)Transcendentalclub&theTranscendentalistjournal--TheDial
Concept
Transcendentalism,essentially,isaformofidealism.Itwasaphilosophical,literary,social,andtheologicalmovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836t
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