英文语义学.ppt
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英文语义学.ppt
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Semantics,Objectives:
gettingstudentstounderstand1)semanticsandthetheoryofmeaning.2)Leechsseventypesofmeaning;semantictriangle,3)senserelationsbetweenwordsandsentences,Outline:
1.Definitionofsemantics2.Whatismeaning?
3.Differentkindsofmeaning4.Majortheoriesonthestudyofmeaning5.Senserelationshipbetweenwords6.Senserelationsbetweensentences7.Analysisofmeaning(componentialanalysis,predicationanalysis),Semanticsisgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.,1.WhatisSemantics?
DatingfromPlato,thestudyofmeaninghasalonghistory.Philosophers,psychologists,andsociologistsallclaimadeepinterestinthestudyofmeaning,althoughtheydifferintheirfocusofinterest.Philosophers:
therelationbetweenlinguisticexpressionandwhattheyrefertointherealworldandevaluationofthetruthvalueofit.Psychologists:
understandingtheworkingofhumanmindthroughlanguage.,History:
Inlinguistics,comparedwithotherbrancheswehavediscussed,semanticsisveryyoungandnew.Butitalsohasalonghistory.“Cinderellaoflinguistics”(Kempson)ThetermsemanticsisarecentadditiontotheEnglishlanguage.Ithasonlyahistoryofalittleoverahundredyears.,2.whatismeaning?
Whatdoes“imperialism”mean?
(signify)Ididntmeantohurtyou.(intend)Lifewithoutfaithhasnomeaning.(value)Iknowtheguyyoumean.(referto)Hedoesnttknowthemeaningoftheword“fear”(sense)Tendollarswouldmeanalottome.(matter)Ifoundaroadthatwasntmeanttobethere.(supposedto)Perhapsyouaremeanttobecomeajournalistratherthanalawyer.(destined),1894itwasintroducedinapaperentitled“Reflectedmeanings:
apointinsemantics”1897Brealfirstuseditasthescienceofmeaning.1900itsEnglishversioncameout1980ssemanticsbegantobeintroducedintoChinaOneofthemostfamousbooksonsemanticsisTheMeaningofMeaningpublishedin1923.Leech.G.N.Semantics.London:
PenguinBooksLtd,1974.Palmer.F.R.Semantics.Cambridge:
CUP,1976.,Asatechnicalterminsemantics,thewordofmeaningshouldhaveitsdefinition.However,itisacontroversialissueandsofarthereisnoagreementatthispointamonglinguists.,Generally,wesayalinguisticformhastwotypesofmeaning:
denotationandconnotation.Denotativemeaning:
theperson,object,abstractnotion,event,orstatewhichtheworddenotes.E.g.Sofa,Johnscar,perplexity,Robertislyingonthebed.Connotativemeaning:
theovertones(implications)ofmeaning,thatiswhatthelinguisticformsuggests.E.g.ABCslimthinskinnystrong-mindedfirmpig-headedPublicservantgovernmentemployeebureaucratinvestigatordetectivespyDeceasediepeggedoutstatesmanpolitician,Notes:
1)somewordsdonothavenegativeconnotationswhentheyareusedgenerally.Butinsometextstheymayhaveadditionalmeaning.(context-specific)e.g.when“boy”isusedbya20-year-oldwhitemantoa40-year-oldblackman,itobviouslyhasanegativeconnotationreflectingtheattitudeofthespeaker.2)somewordsorphrasesalwayshavenegativeassociations.E.g.thenumber“4”inChinese,“13”inEnglish3)connotationislanguage-specific,e.g.propaganda(disseminationofsomeideasithasthemeaningofexaggeratingandevenfalsifyingsomefacts)imperialism(negativetoChinese,butneutralevenpositivetowesterners“ImperialInn”“ImperialHotel”)whatabout“turtle”,“dragon”“communism”?
4)semanticswillmainlydealwithdenotativemeaning,ratherthanconnotativemeaning,3.DifferentkindsofmeaningG.Leech(1974)“Semantics”Leechsseventypesofmeaning1.Conceptualmeaningalsocalled“denotative”or“cognitive”meaning.Thisreferstothedefinitiongiveninthedictionary.Itiswidelyassumedtobethecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunicationandisintegraltotheessentialfunctioningoflanguage.Man+Human+Male+AdultGirl+Human-Male-Adult,2.Associativemeaningmeaningassociatedwiththeconceptualmeaningwhichcanbefurtherdividedintofollowingtypes:
a)connotativemeaningb)socialmeaningc)affectivemeaningd)reflectedmeaninge)collocativemeaning3.Thematicmeaning,a)connotativemeaningcommunicativevalueattributedtoanexpressionoverandaboveitspurelyconceptualmeaning.“woman”unappreciableproperties:
frail,pronetotears,cowardly,irrational,inconstant,short-sightedvirtues:
gentle,hardworking,sensitiveb)socialmeaningwhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse,includingvariationslikedialect,time,topic,styleetc.E.g.“thou”“管”usedinNorthernpartofAnhuiprovince.,c)affectivemeaningfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writermother(love,care)maternalparent(neutral)d)reflectedmeaningthemeaningwhenweassociateonesenseofanexpressionwithanother.e.g.“dear”e)collocativemeaningwhatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.E.g.rotten(general)addledeggs,rancidbaconandbutter,sourmilk,putridfish,fetidbreath.Whatabout“on”in“turnon”,“jumpon”?
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