电放提单与电放保函.docx
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电放提单与电放保函.docx
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电放提单与电放保函
电放提单与电放保函
“电放”则是由托运人
(
卖方
)
向船公司提出申请并提供保函后,由船公司申请并提供保函、
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
电传通知目的港代理,
某票货物无须凭正本提单放货,
收货人可凭收货人公司盖章的
“电放
提单”传真件或凭身份证明提取货物。
所谓电放提单,是指船公司或其代理人签发的注有lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“
Surrendered
”或“
TelexRelease
”字样的提单、提单副本。
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
、
电放就是货主由于种种原因,如航期短,
节省成本等,要求放弃正本提单,
而是在船即将到
港前以电子邮件、
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
传真或电报方式,
将提单副本发给收货人,
收货人在目的港可以凭借提单
副本和电放保函提货,
这种情况下,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
出提单的船公司或货代都会要求放弃正本提单的货主出
具保函,
证明正本提单是货主自己放弃的,
如果出现问题由货主自己负责,
这个保函就是电
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
放保函。
电放保函:
英文(
letterofguarantee)
产生原因
电放提单的产生主要是为了解决目的港
“货到提单未到”
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
的矛盾
。
提单的正常流转是以其能
在货物到达目的港之前到达收货人手中为前提的,
这在过去是不成问题的。
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
随着国际集装箱
运输的普及、
造船技术的提高和先进导航设备的应用,
货物装卸速度加快,
船舶在海上的航
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
行时间也缩短,
货物从装运港装上船舶经运输直到卸货港卸到码头上的时间大大减少;
另一
方面,提单的流转速度并没有加快,仍将
经历多次背书、结汇、检查、邮寄等环节
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
,一般在
数十天之后才到达最后收货人手中,
这样不可避免地产生
“货等单”的矛盾,
这一矛盾在
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
近
洋运输
显得更加突出。
在“货等单”情况下,如果坚持凭正本提单提货,势必造成货物在目
的港压船、压港,港口费用和仓储费用大幅增加,买方也失去了及时销售货物的有利商机。
实践中经常采用的解决办法是承运人凭收货人提供的保函无单放货。
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
但是,
承运人将货物交
给无正本提单的第三人,
违反了提单制度的规定,
按请求权竞合理论,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
承运人可能向提单持
有人承担违约或侵权责任。
无单放货的后果,
目前我国实务上认为,
承运人丧失了法定的责
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
任限制,
应当赔偿由此而对提单持有人造成的损失,
包括对第三方的责任或合理的营业损失。
尽管承运人可以凭保函向保函出具人和提货人进行追偿,
但无疑将给承运人造成一定的麻烦,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
何况当被认定为存在着故意欺诈情形时,
承运人是否有追偿权也存在着疑问。
电放提单自然
成了承运人和买方的另一种选择,
因为
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“电放提单”
项下的货物根本不需要凭正本提单交
(
提
)
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
货。
法律性质
电放提单是为了满足近洋运输和贸易需要的商业创造物,
但其在法律上的性质却是尴尬
的。
按我国《海商法》规定,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
提单应当具有三项功能:
海上货物运输合同的证明、承运人收
货凭证和目的港交货凭证
。
提单之所以能在国际贸易中发挥巨大作用,
其卸货港交货凭证功能是关键,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
缺少这种功
能的提
单将无法在国际贸易中立足,
学理上和实践中认可的提单物权凭证功能也是以交货凭证
功能为前提的。
电放提单上的
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“Surrendered”
或
“TelexRelease”
字样将对该单据的法律性质产
生巨大影响。
按《牛津现代法律用语词典》解释,
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“Surrender”
在法律用语中,其含义是
“
放
弃某事物
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
”
,电放提单上注明的
“Surrendered”
字样表明其签发人并不想赋予该单据应有的功
能。
而
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“TelexRelease”
字样则明白无误地表明该单据项下的货物的交付与传统意义上的提单
有所不同。
实践中对电放提单的应用其实也是按照上述标注进行的:
有
lookfull,completeaccessoriesandparts,wellinsulatedandfirmlyfixed.Cablearrangementbefore6.16.1.1beforethecableintocable(bridgebetweenhorizontalandverticalposition)bythewiringisresponsibleforsorting,allcablesshouldbeareasonableamountofJAG,requestedterminallayoutposition,from"toptobottom,from
“
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- 关 键 词:
- 提单 电放保函