研究生英语综合教程上 unit 9 10 reading focus 精校文字版.docx
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研究生英语综合教程上unit910readingfocus精校文字版
研究生英语综合教程上unit
9-10readingfocus精校文字版.
THEHOUSINGCRISISGOESSUBURBAN
1SeventyyearsafterPresidentFranklinD.
RooseveltdeclaredthattheDepressionhadleft
one-thirdoftheAmericanpeopleill-housed,
ill-clothedandill-nourished,Americansare
well-clothedandincreasinglyovernourished.
Butthescarcityofaffordablehousingisa
deepeningnationalcrisis,andnotjustfor
inner-cityfamiliesonwelfare.Theproblemhas
climbedtheincomeladderandmovedtothe
suburbs,whereserviceworkerscramtheir
familiesintoovercrowdedapartments,college
graduateshavetocrashwiththeirparents,and
firefighters,policeofficersandteacherscan't
affordtoliveinthecommunitiestheyserve.
2Homeownershipisnearanall-timehigh,but
thegapisgrowingbetweentheOwnsandthe
Own-Nots—aswellastheOwnsandthe
Own-80-Miles-From-Work.
One-third
of
Americansnowspendatleast30%oftheir
incomeonhousing,thefederaldefinitionofan
working
thehalfandburden,%unaffordable
poorspendatleast50%oftheirincomeonrent,
acriticalburden.Therealestateboomofthe
pastdecadehasproducedwindfallsfor
Americanswhoownedbeforeitbegan,but
affordablehousingisnowaseriousproblemfor
morelow-andmoderate-incomeAmericans
thantaxes,SocialSecurity4orgasprices.
3Americausedtocarealotaboutaffordable
housing.Rooseveltsignedhousinglegislationin
1934
and
1937,
providing
mortgages,
governmentapartmentsandconstructionjobs
forworkersdownontheirluck.In1949,
Congress.setanofficialgoaljjfadecenthome
andasuitablelivingenvironmentforevery
Americanfamily,andin1974,President
RichardM.Nixonbeganofferingsubsidized
rentvoucherstomillionsoflow-incometenants
inprivatehousing.Forhalfacentury,most
housingdebatesinWashingtonrevolvedaround
howmuchtoexpandfederalassistance.
4Butforthepasttwodecades,theonlynew
federalhousinginitiativehasbeenHOPEVI5,a
Clintonadministrationprogramthathas
demolished80,000unitsoftheworstpublic
housingandbuiltmixed-incomedevelopments
intheirplace.Theprogramhaseliminatedmost
ofthehigh-risehellholesthatgavepublic
housingabadnameandhasrevivedsomeurban
neighborhoods.Butithasrazedmoresubsidized
apartmentsthanithasreplaced.
5Overall,thenumberofhouseholdsreceiving
federalaidhasflatlinedsincetheearly1990s,
despiteanexpandingpopulationanda
ballooningbudget.Congresshasrejectedmost
ofPresidentBush'sproposedcuts,buttherehas
beenvirtuallynodiscussionofincreases;
affordable-housingadvocatesspendmostof
theirtimefightingtopreservethestatusquo.
6Andit'satoughstatusquo.Today,forevery
oneofthe4.5millionlow-incomefamiliesthat
receivefederalhousingassistance,thereare
threeeligiblefamilieswithoutit.FairfaxCounty
has12,000familiesonawaitinglistfor4,000
get
youwhengoldenIt'sapartments.assisted
one—nobodywantstogiveitup,saysConrad
Egan,chairmanoftheFairfaxhousingauthority.
Itsoundsodd,butthevictimsoftoday'shousing
crisisarenotpeoplelivinginheprojects,but
peoplewhoaren'teventhatlucky.
7Someliberals6dreamofextendingsubsidiesto
alleligiblelow-incomefamilies,butthat$100
billion-a-yearsolutionwasunrealisticeven
beforethebudgetdeficitballoonedagain.So
evensomehousingadvocatesnowsupporttime
limitsonmostfederalrentaid.Thetimelimits
includedinwelfarereform10yearsagowere
controversial,butstudiessuggestthey'vehelped
motivaterecipientstogetoffthedole.And
unlikewelfare,housingaidisnotafederal
entitlement,sotakingitawayfromonefamily
afterafewyearswouldprovideabreakforan
equallydeservingfamily.
8It'sano-brainer,saysDavidSmith,an
affordable-housingadvocateinBoston.You
can'tsustaintheinternalcontradictionofno
limits.
9Therootoftheproblemisthestriking
mismatchbetweenthedemandforandthe
supplyofaffordablehousing—or,more
accurately,affordablehousingnearjobs.Fifteen
millionfamiliesnowspendatleasthalftheir
incomeonhousing,accordingtoHarvard's
Joint_CenterfOTHousingStudies:
manyskimp
onhealthcare,childcareandfoodtodoso.
Othersreducetheirrentsbyovercrowding,
whichstudieslinktohighercrimerates,poorer
academicperformanceandpoorerhealth;Los
Angelesalonehas620.000homeswithmore
thanonepersonperroom.Otherworkersare
enduringincreasinglylongcommutesfromless
expensivecommunities,aphenomenonknown
asdrivingtoqualify.
10
This
creates
all
kinds
of
lousy
outcomes—childrenwhodon'tgettoseetheir
parents,workerswhocan'tmakeendsmeet
whengaspricessoar,exurbansprawl,roads
cloggedwithlong-distancecommutersemitting
thinkwe'recreating
don'tgreenhousegases.I
strongcommunitiesbyforcingpeopleintotheir
carsfourhoursaday,saysCathyHudgins.
chairwomanofthehousingcommitteeforthe
Fairfax
County
Board
of
Supervisors.
helps
make
also
Affordable
housing
communitiescompetitive;it'snotclearhow
Fairfaxcankeepcreatingjobsifworkerscan't
affordtolivethere.
11Thebestthinglocalofficialscandoto
promoteaffordablehousingistogetoutofthe
way—stoprequiringone-acrelotsandtwo-car
garages,andstopblockinglow-incomeand
high-densityprojects.
12Washingtonpoliticians,ontheotherhand,
havethefederalbudgetattheirdisposal.But
Congresshasn'tsupportednewconstruction
sincetheLow-IncomeHousingTaxCreditof
1986,whichcreatesnearly100,000unitsof
affordablehousingayear,enoughtoreplace
halftheunitsthataretorndownorconvertedto
marketrents.Bushproposedahome-ownership
taxcreditduringhis2000and2004campaigns,
butitturnedouttobetheraretaxcuthedidn't
pursue.AbillpendinginCongresswoulddivert
apercentageofprofitsfromfederallychartered
institutionssuchasFannieMaetoanational
affordable-housingtrustfund8,butitseems
stalled.Theonlyaffordabilityideaswithany
tractionatthenationallevelarenotreally
housingideas;forexample,onewaytomake
housingmoreaffordabletoworkerswouldbeto
raisetheirincomes—throughhigherminimum
wages,lowerpayrolltaxesoranexpanded
EarnedIncomeTaxCredit.
13Thereisoneclearsolutiontothe
affordable-housingcrisis:
arealestatecrash.It's
theonehousingissuethatattractsmedia
attention—becauseitwouldhurttheOwns.But
whileaneasingofpricescouldbedevastating
forlower-incomeOwnswithriskymortgages,it
probablywouldn'tbringhomeownershipwithin
reachformanyOwn-Nots.Priceshavetoofar
tofall;in2000,two-thirdsofthehomesalesin
Fairfaxwerefor$250,000orless,butlastyear,
fewerthanone-twentiethwere.Andevena
modestpriceslumpcouldtriggeraconstruction
slowdownthatwouldmakeshortagesof
affordable
housing
for
moderate-income
familiesevenworse.
14Eventually,politiciansmayrediscover
housing—notasanurbanpovertyissue,butasa
middle-classquality-of-lifeissue,likegasprices
orhealthcare.Homeownershipisoften
describedastheAmericandream,butthese
daysmanyworkerswouldsettleforadecent
rentalthatwon'tbankrupttheirfamilies.
ACADEMYINTIMESOFCRISIS
1Todaytheacademyholdsahighlyprivileged
placeinAmericansocietybecauseofaaboutthe
long-standingnationalconsensusaboutthe
valueofeducation.Oneofmypredecessors,
PresidentHaroldDodds,saidinhisinaugural
addressin1933thatNocountryspendsmoney
foreducation,publicorprivate,solavishlyas
an
haveAmericansStates.Unitedthedoes
almostchildlikefaithinwhatformaleducation
candoforthem.Thatfaithisbasedona
convictionthatthevitalityoftheUnitedStates,
itscreativeanddiverseculturallife,itsis
nationalsecurityandtherobustnessofits
democraticinstitutionsowemuchtothequality
ofinstitutionsofhighereducation.
2Oursociety'sconfidenceinitsinstitutionsof
highereducationisexpressedthroughthe
generousinvestmentsofthefederalandstate
governmentinbasicandappliedresearch,
investmentthatwiselycouplesupportfor
researchwithsupportforgraduateeducation.It
isalsoexpressesthroughfederalandstate
investmentsthatsubsidizethecostofhigher
educationforthosewhocannotaffordtopay,
investmentsbyprivatefoundationsandcharities
whoseecollegesanduniversitiesasthebest
routesforachievingtheirstrategicgoals,and
investmentsbyindividualsandbytheprivate
sector,whoseeuniversitiesastheincubatorsof
futurehealthandprosperity.Inreturnforthis
broadsupport,societyrightfullyexpectscertain
thingsfromus.Itexpectsthegenerationofnew
ideasandthediscoveryofnewknowledge,the
explorationofcomplexissuesinanopenand
collegialmannerandthepreparationofthenext
generationofcitizensandleaders.Intimesof
trouble,itisespeciallyimportantthatweliveup
totheseexpectations.
3Themedievalimageoftheuniversityasan
ivorytower,withscholarsturnedinwardin
solitarycontemplation,immunizedfromthe
caresoftheday,isanimagethathasbeen
superseded
by
the
modern
university
constructednotofivory,butofahighlyporous
material,onethatallowsfreediffusioninboth
directions.Theacademyisoftheworld,not
apartfromit.Itsideals,
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