The Lobotomist.docx
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The Lobotomist.docx
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TheLobotomist
TheLobotomist
Narrator:
Hewasanidealisticdoctor,hungryforfame,whowouldchampiononeofthecentury'smostinfamousmedicalprocedures.
WalterFreemanIII,sonofWalterFreeman:
Hewantedtosolvetheproblemsofpsychiatry,andhewantedtodoitfast.
JuliusMcLeod,FormerHospitalAide:
IthinkDr.FreemanbelievedandIthinkthepublicbelievedthiswasgoingtobeamagicalcure.
WalterFreeman(archival):
Heretheskullisthinenoughtotransmitlightanditcanusuallybeperforatedeasilywithasharpinstrument.
Narrator:
Hailedbysomeasanangelofmercy,hewasdenouncedbyothersasamedicalmonster.
EdwardShorter,MedicalHistorian:
Hewasanapostle,hewasacrusader.Hewasgenuinelyconvincedoftheeffectivenessofwhathewasdoing.
WalterFreeman(archival):
Theinstrumentuponremovalappearsclearandshiny.
GarrettSwain,M.D.:
IthoughthewasthenearestthingtoageniusthatIhadevermet;Ialsothoughthewascrazyashell.
Narrator:
WhydidmainstreammedicinegoalongwithWalterFreeman?
RobertWhitaker,Writer:
Thelessonhereisnothowamancangoofftherails,butishowsciencecangoofftherails.
EdwardShorter,MedicalHistorian:
Physicianswereseenasdemigodsinwhite.Theywerealllordsofthemanor.Theycouldallorderitbedone,whatevertheywantedtobedone.
Narrator:
Waslobotomyamedicalbreakthroughoramonstrousmistake?
FranklinFreeman,sonofWalterFreeman:
Youcouldnevertalkaboutasuccessfullobotomy.Youmightaswelltalkaboutasuccessfulautomobileaccident.
ElliotS.Valenstein,ProfessorofNeuroscience:
Somepeopledidshowconsiderableimprovement,anddidresumesomekindofnormallife.
WalterFreeman(archival):
Hewasallowedtogohomeagainandobtainemploymentasadoor-to-doorsalesman.
Janice:
Myfathersaidthatdoctorswouldoperateonherbrainandthiswouldtaketheviolenceoutofher--thatshewouldbedocileafterthat.
RobertWhitaker,Writer:
Istheabsenceofpainwhatweshouldlookfor?
Istheabsenceofsuffering?
That'swhatthisraisessomuchiswhatdowevalueaboutbeinghuman?
TitleCard:
TheLobotomist
Narrator:
OnacoldJanuarydayin1946,EllenIonesco,a29-year-oldhousewifeandmother,arrivedattheWashington,D.C.officeofDr.WalterJ.Freeman.Withherwashersix-year-olddaughterAngelene.
AngeleneForester,daughterofpatient:
Mymotheralwaysactedalittle,sortofaloof.Andyoujustaccepted,that'sMommy.Mommy'sthatway.Butitgotmoreandmore.Andthetimecamewhenshewassodepressedshewouldstayinbedforliterallydays.Irememberherpointinguptotheceilingandsaying,doyouseethosewires,that'swhattheytorturemewith.Thenshestartedgettingmoreviolentandaggressive.Andonedayshetriedtosmotherme.AndfinallywetookhertoseeDr.Freeman.
ReadingfromaWalterFreemanpatientrecord:
ExaminedEllenI.thismorning.Shehassuicidalideas.Shebecamemoreandmorenoisy,shouting,"I'msotired,I'msotired."Idecidedshewasquiteinaccessibleandwouldrequireimmediatetreatment.
AngeleneForester,daughterofpatient:
Whenwewentintohisofficethewholewallwaslikewindowsandsunlightstreamingin.Itwasbrightandcheerful.AndDr.Freemancameoutandhelookedkindlyandgentle,very,verygentleandIfelt,we'regoingtobeokay.
Narrator:
FreemanescortedEllentoabackroomandshutthedoor.
AngeleneForester,daughterofpatient:
Ihadnoideawhatwasgoingonbehindthatdoor.Butshechangedsoradicallyforthebetteroncehehadseenher.Shenevermentionedsuicideagain.
Narrator:
EllenIonescowasthefirstpatienttoundergotheprocedureDr.Freemanhadperfectedonlyweeksbefore.Hecalledit"transorbitallobotomy."
JackEl-Hai,Writer:
Inatransorbitallobotomy,Freemanwouldfirsthavethepatientrenderedunconsciousthroughtheuseoftheelectroconvulsiveshockmachine.
FranklinFreeman,sonofWalterFreeman:
Justbeforehethrewtheswitch,weallhadalayingonofhands.Andwewentforalittleride.
WalterFreeman(archival):
Usuallythreesuccessiveconvulsionsarenecessarybutinoldpeopleasingleonemaybesufficientwhileinasturdyyoungpersonfourorevensixconvulsionsmaybeadministeredwithoutdanger.
AndrewScull,ProfessorofSociology:
Thepatientwouldthenenterunconsciousnessforarelativelybriefperiodbutseveralminutes.
WalterFreeman(archival):
Nowthattheconvulsionhassubsidedthenurseholdsatoweloverthenoseandmouthofthepatient.
AndrewScull,ProfessorofSociology:
Freemanwouldpeelbackeacheyelid,inserthisicepickandwithahammertapthroughthebrain,wiggleitabout,severthefrontallobes,withdrawit.Andwhenthepatientcameto,heorshewouldbegivendarkglassestohidetheblackeyesthey'dbeengiven.
AngeleneForester,daughterofpatient:
Ifeltlikehehadgivenmeatremendousgifttogivemymotherbacktome.Hegaveyouhope.Everythingwillbebetteranditwas.
Narrator:
Twenty-twoyearsearlier,in1924,neurologistWalterFreemanarrivedatSt.ElizabethsinWashingtonD.C.,oneofthenation'slargesthospitalsforthementallyill.At28,FreemanwastheyoungestlaboratorydirectorinSt.Elizabeths'history.Butheconfrontedaninstitutionincrisis.Likemanyotherstatehospitals,St.Elizabethshadseenyearsofdecline.Ithadbecomeadumpinggroundforpatientssufferingfromagitateddepression,dementiaandpsychosis.
WalterFreemanIII,sonofWalterFreeman:
Itwasclearinthosedayswhenyouwerecommittedtoamentalhospital,thiswasnotavoluntaryaffair,therewasnowayout.Therewouldbenotreatmentbecausethere'snothingseriouslythatanyonecoulddo.Thesewerewarehousesforpeoplethatsocietywantedtoforget.
EdwardShorter,MedicalHistorian:
Youhavethisenormouspopulationofpatientssmearingtheirexcrementonthewalls,tearingofftheirclothes,sittingbefuddledonthefloor,dayafterendlessday.Yousay,"Howcouldpeoplelivelikethis?
Howcouldtheybeforcedtolivelikethis?
"
Narrator:
AshewanderedSt.Elizabethsvastpatientwards,Freemanlaterwrote,hewasfilledwitha"weirdmixtureoffear,disgustandshame."
JackEl-Hai,Writer:
Hewasrepelledbywhathesaw.Hewasalmostnauseatedbywhathesaw.Hesaw5,000peoplewhoselivesweregoingnowhere,wouldgonowhere.Andhewanted,Ithink,rightawaytotryanddosomethingaboutit.
Freeman:
Hesawthenatureofillnessnotassomethingthatrequiredsympathybutassomethingthatrequiredaction.Dosomething.Hewantedtosolvetheproblemsofpsychiatry,andhewantedtodoitfast.
Narrator:
Likemostneurologists,Freemanbelievedthatphysicaldefectsinthebraincausedmentalillness.Scientistshadalreadyshownthatthebrainwasmadeupofdistinctregions,eachcontrollingdifferentphysical,behavioralandemotionalreactions.Buttheyhadstillnotfoundthelocusofmentalillness,andwerenearlypowerlesstotreatit.
EdwardShorter,MedicalHistorian:
Theywouldtrytotreatsymptoms.Andtheycouldn'ttreatallthesymptoms.Ifyouwereonthevergeofsuicide,therewasnothingthattheycoulddoexceptwatchyouuntilyoufinallyrecoveredspontaneouslyfromyourmelancholia.Andanepisodeofmelancholiacouldgoonforsevenoreightmonths.Andthatissevenoreightmonthsofhell.
Narrator:
Inthe1930s,researchersbeganexperimentingwithanumberofso-called"shocktherapies"meanttoreroutethecircuitryinthediseasedbrain.Patientswerebroughttotheedgeofdeaththroughanintentionaloverdoseofthehormoneinsulin.OthersweregivenMetrazolwhichtriggeredseizuressoviolenttheyoftenfracturedvertebrae.
RobertWhitaker,Writer:
Ifyoulookatthepatientwritingsafterthis,theytalkedabout,"Doctor,whyareyoutorturingme?
Areyougoingtokillme?
Please,"theywouldbeg,"don'tdothistomeagain."Butafterpeopleleftthattabletheywerequieter,theyweremoresubdued,andtheywouldoftengobacktotheirwardsandnotbebothersomeforaperiodoftime.
JackEl-Hai,Writer:
Theseshocktherapiesoftenworkedbythestandardsthattheywereoperatingonatthattime,notacureforthedisease,notmakingsomeonecompletelybetter,butreducingsomeofthesymptoms.Andyes,theshocktherapiesachievedthatatacost.
Narrator:
ForFreeman,shocktherapiesprovedthatmentalillnessresultedfromadefectsomewhereinthebrain,andhewantedtobetheonetofindit.ThescionofaprominentmedicalfamilyfromPhiladelphia,WalterFreemanhadalwaysbelievedhewasdestinedforgreatthings.HisgrandfatherWilliamKeenwas,foratime,America'smostfamoussurgeon,thefirsttosuccessfullyremoveabraintumorfromalivingpatient.Keenwasashowmanwholovedtoperformhiscomplexoperationsinfrontoflargeandadmiringaudiences.
FranklinFreeman,sonofWalterFreeman:
Hewasjustoneofthesemenwhohadjustboundlessenergyandenthusiasm,apioneerbrainsurgeon,atonetime,apresidentoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.Asayoungmanmyfatherwasdeterminedtobeassuccessfulashisgrandfather.
Narrator:
AftergraduatingfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniamedicalschoolin1920,FreemanmarriedMarjorieFranklin,aneconomist.ThecouplemovedtoWashington,DC,wheretheyhadfourchildreninasmanyyears.ButFreemanwasincreasinglyobsessedwithasearchforaneffectivetreatmentformentalillness.
AndrewScull,ProfessorofSociology:
HewantedtobeagreatfigureinAmericanmedicine.Sothisisamanwhoisconvincedthathe'sborntomedicalgreatness,desperatetoachieveit,lookingforarouteforward.
Narrator:
Leavinghisgrowingfamilybehind,FreemanspentlongdaysandnightsinSt.Elizabeths'basementmorguemeasur
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