语言学名词解释之欧阳治创编.docx
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语言学名词解释之欧阳治创编.docx
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语言学名词解释之欧阳治创编
一、TermDefinition:
时间2021.03.10
创作:
欧阳治
Language:
isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
Phonetics:
thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.
Semantics:
thestudyofmeaning
Pragmatics:
thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Syntax:
inlinguistics,whatalanguageexpressesabouttheworldweliveinoranypossibleorimaginaryworld.
Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudy
Synonym:
wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
Reference:
whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
Sense:
concernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Duality:
languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.
Dialect:
avarietyofalanguage,spokeninonepartofacountry(regionaldialect),orbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass(socialdialectorsociolect),whichisdifferentinsomewords,grammar,and/orpronunciationfromotherformsofthesamelanguage.
Accent:
aparticularwayofspeakingwhichtellsthelistenersomethingaboutthespeaker'sbackground.
Conversationalmaxim:
anunwrittenruleaboutconversationwhichpeopleknowandwhichinfluencestheformofconversationalexchanges.
Context:
itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
Register:
thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.
Locutionaryact:
theactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaning.Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
Hyponymy:
referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
Phonology:
aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
Speechcommunity:
thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.
Transcription:
theuseofsymbolstoshowsoundsorsoundsequencesinwrittenform.
Boundmorpheme:
amorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneiscalledboundmorpheme.
MinimalPair:
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
Stress:
thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.
Compounding:
awordformationprocessinwhichwordsareformedbyputtingtwoormorewordstogether.
Affixation:
istheprocessofformingwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.
Allophone:
thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
ComplementaryDistribution:
Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
Conversion:
referstothederivationalprocesswherebyanitemcomestobelongtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofsuffix.
DeepStructure:
formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties
SurfaceStructure:
correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.
Saussure:
thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureinthe20century.
Vowel:
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
Consonant:
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.
Linguistics:
thescientificstudyoflanguage.
GeneralLinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageasawhole.
InflectionalAffix:
Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
DerivationalAffix:
Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.
OpenClass:
inEnglish,nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbswhicharethecontentwordsofalanguage,whicharesometimescalledopenclasswords.
ClosedClass:
conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,whichareinsmallnumberandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded,thereforesuchwordshavebeenreferredtoasclosedclasswords.
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyofallthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.
SpeechVariety:
referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.
Pidgin:
aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.
Creole:
whenapidginbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquittedbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.
二、单项选择题:
1、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特征和分类。
元音分类:
vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.
辅音分类:
Byplaceofarticulationandbymannerofarticulation
2、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布和最小对立体、音位规则、超音段特征:
Phone:
isaphoneticunitorsegment.
Phoneme:
aphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.
Allophone:
thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
Phonemiccontrast:
itcanbeeasilyobservedthatphoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.
Complementarydistribution:
Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
Minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
音位规则:
(1)sequentialrules
(2)assimilationrule(3)deletionrule
Suprasegmentalfeature:
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.
3、语言的特征、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法、深层结构和表层结构、能力和行为的概念等:
语言特征:
(1)arbitrariness
(2)productivity(3)duality(4)displacement(5)culturaltransmission
Chomskytransformation:
aspecialstepofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother.
DeepStructure:
formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties
SurfaceStructure:
correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.
4、形态学中的构词法及派生词素等、如词根、词干和基词等。
构词法:
Derivation:
aprocessofwordformationinwhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddedaffixestoroot.
Root:
thebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.
Stem:
theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.
基词:
四、简短回答问题
1、Phoneticsandphonology:
Phonetics:
descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonology:
descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
2、Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription:
Broadtranscription:
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.
3、Deepstructureandsurfacestructure:
D-structure:
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.S-structure:
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.
4、Competenceandperformance:
Chomskydefinedcompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.
5、Speechandwriting:
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:
1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.
6、Descriptiveandtheprescriptiveapproachesinlinguisticstudies:
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
7、Langueandparole:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
8、Semanticsandpragmatics:
Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.
9、Senseandreference:
Sense:
It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.Reference:
Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelat
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