上海后滩.docx
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上海后滩.docx
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上海后滩
Post-industrialWaterfrontPlanningandDesignwithMulti-perspectives
----AcasestudyofBailianJingRiverDistrictplanningimplementationproject,ShanghaiExpo
LIUYue-Qin LINXuan-Quan
《JournalofLandscapeArchitectureinAsia》Oct-2008
Abstract:
Amongthediversecharacteristicsofwaterfrontregenerationofpost-industrialera,recreationalfunctionisoneofthemostimportantofthem.InthecaseofBailianJingRiverdistrictplanningimplementationprogram,ShanghaiExpo,theurbanwaterfrontplananddesignunderthedualchallengesof“post-industrialera”and“greaturbanevent”wasdiscussed.Theproblemsencounteredinupdatingtheindustrialremainswaterfront,forexample,therelationshipbetweenfloodcontrolandrecreation,historicalcontextextension,heatstrokepreventioninsummer,high-densityevacuationofvisitorsflow,theusageproblemsbetweenduringandafterExpo,thecoordinationbetweenpump,watergate,bridgeandenvironmentalproblems,shouldbesolvedinacomprehensivemanner.Thepurposeistoregeneratethepublicwaterfronttoharmonizewiththeurbanenvironments.
Keywords:
Post-industrialLandscape;ShanghaiExpo;BailianJingRiverDistrict(BJRD);WaterfrontLandscape;ProblemsandSolutions
1Introduction
1PrefaceIntroduction
Duetothetransformationofeconomicdevelopmentmodeandthetransportationmeansinthepost-industrialera,alargenumberofwaterfrontswhichusedtobepreoccupiedbyindustrialbasesandterminalportshavebeenundergradualdecline.Sincethe1960s,theWesterndeveloppeddevelopedcountriesbegantostepintothepost-industrialerawhichwascharacterizedbyknowledgeeconomy;leisureactivitiesthencametoplayanremarkableroleinthestructureofpeople'sdailylife.BoththerenewalandreconstructionofthewaterfrontsandContinuouscontinuedeffortsinthedevelopmentoftheleisure falloweconomyinitiatedfromNorthAmericasincethebeginningoftheerahadclosetieswiththishistoricaltheenvironmentalcontext[1]atthattime.
ThebanksBothshoresofHuangpuRiverinShanghaiarethebirthplaceofChina’stheChinesemodernindustryandalsotheinitialandemergingareaoftheChinesenationalindustryChina’snationalindustry.AhostofindustrialarchitectureswitnessedthedevelopmentofShanghaiasModernChina’semergingindustrialcity.The2010ShanghaiWorldExpo,asthecomprehensiveExpowiththethemeofcity,willbethefirstcomprehensiveExpotobeheldindevelopingcountriesyfirstly.ThesiteoftheExpoislocatedinthedowntownurbanareabetweentheNanpuBridgeandtheLupuBridgeacrosstheHuangpuRiver.ThisgranteventofShanghaicanserveasaboosterforfurtherdevelopmentofthecityandwillalsoposeaprofoundimpactontheleap-forwarddevelopmentofurbanspace.ThebanksshoresoftheHuangpurivercallsforatransitoffunctionsfromtheindustrialeconomytoconsumereconomyinordertoattractpushpeoplebacktothewaterfrontarea,meanwhiletoextendthehistoricalandcherishedcontextofthisarea.Moreover,theobjectivehereistotransformthisareaintoacomprehensivewaterfrontgreenbeltintegratingdifferentfunctionssuchassight-seeing,leisure,tourismandeducation,therebypromotingingthedevelopmentofShanghaiwatertourismandachievingachievingtherejuvenationregenerationofthecity’surbanwaterfrontarea.(Figure1)
Fig.1:
MasterplanofShanghaiWorldExpoin2010andtheplanningscopeof BJRD
2Multi-perspectiveobjectivesofBailianJingRiverDistrict
ThestructureofthegreenspacesystemofShanghaiExpoareaconsistsof“onecore,oneaxis,twobeltsandmultiplewedges”.ThewaterfrontgreenbeltiscomposedofBailianJingriversidegreenbelt,theWorldExpoParkandthebackBundPark.WiththeHuangpuRiverinthenorth,themereBailianJingRiverinsidetheExpoParkinthesouth,theExpoVillageintheeastandtheExpoParkinthewest,theBailianJingRiverDistrict(shortforBJRDinthelattercontent)coversanareaof23hectares(Figure2)andisfilledwithquantitiesoffactories,warehouses,wharves,docksandotherfacilities,whicharetypicalproductionsoftheindustrialage.
Fig.2:
Bird-viewlandscapefromdifferentanglesoftheplanningimplementationprojectsofBJRD
Inviewofthepost-industrialcontextandspecialcharacteristicsoftheExposite,theplanningoftheBJRDshouldfocusonitsgeographicalcharacteristicsandbeorientedtoecology,science,technologyandculture,thethreeofwhichshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinaharmoniousway.ThespecificfunctionoftheBJRDanditsfurtherapplicationaftertheExposhouldbeconsideredinacoordinatedway.Moreover,theimplementationoftheBJRDshouldbecarriedoutinharmonywiththesurroundingfacilitiessuchasbridge,pump-gateandrevetmenttocreateadynamicanddiversecomprehensivepublicwaterfrontspace(Figure3).
Fig.3:
MasterplanofBJRDandanalysischarts
3Siteproblemsandlandscapesolutions
Fromthetrendof "fearofwater"intheindustrialeraoftothetrendof"closetowater"inpost-industrialera,fromdocksandterminalsinthepasttothedynamicwaterfrontpublicspacenowadays,allofwhichhaveshowntherelationshipbetweenhumanandnatureisharmoniousandunified,ratherthanconfrontationandconflicts.Onthebasisofrisingthelandscapeconcernofpost-industrialeraonecologicalenvironment,the re-utilizationofindustrialwastesanddiversificationofleisurepatterns[2],theplanningofBJRDshouldfocusonsolvingseveralmajorsiteproblemsandachievingthetransformationofseveralconcepts,namely,therelationshipbetweenfloodcontrolandwater-enjoyablerecreation,historicalcontextextension,heatstroke-preventionandtemperature-coolinginsummer,high-densityvisitingflowsofevacuationandassembling,theusageproblemsbetweenduringandafterExpo,thecoordinationbetweenpump,water-gate,bridgeandenvironmentandsoon.
3.1Problemsandsolutionsonflood-controlandwater-enjoyablerecreation
Intheindustrialage,highembankments(mostlyinhardverticalway)arebuiltforfloodcontrolandthecitysafeguard.Thiskindofprotectionisnotonlycostlybutalsocanbringunsatisfactoryresultssinceitmaybreakthenaturalbalancebetweenthewaterandthegreenery,whichcouldnotsolvetheproblemcompletely.Since1990s,viewsontheregulationofrivertendedtochangeallovertheworld.Firstly,countrieslikeSwitzerland,GermanyandJapanputforwardtheconceptof“naturalbankrevetment”toreplacethetraditionalviewof“pavingbankrevetment”.Secondly,changestookplaceintheconceptoffloodcontrolfromadoptingmeasuresof“bendcut-off”inthepasttotoday’smeasuresof“pluggingcombinedwithdredging,flooddischargingalongwithsluicing” [3].
SinceBailianJingwaterfrontgreenspaceinpost-industrialerashoulddealwithfloodcontrolandwaterrecreation,the"GreeneryWave"conceptareproposedfromthreedifferentperspectives.Firstly,themacro-perspectiveofthe"City•GreenWave"isundertheurbanopenspaceandstructureofgreenspace.Secondly,themid-perspectiveofthe"HuangpuRiver•GreenWave"isunderwaterfrontpublicspace.Lastly,themicro-perspectiveofthe"Expo•GreenWave"isunderthefunctionalstructureoftheExpopark.Theconcept"wave"impliestheongoingpowerandthetransferoffunctionlikewavesafterwaves.Throughthecreativeideaof“wave”,thegapbetweentoday'sHuangpuRiverandthewholeShanghaicityisexpectedtobenolongerinsurmountable..
Inthespecificdesign,themethodofreusingoldfloodpreventionwallandsettingnaturalecologicalrevetmenttoconstructadiversifiedwaterspaceofdifferentlevelswillbeusedtoappealpeoplebacktothewaterfronttoenjoythechangeoftideandappreciatetheenhancingbeautyofthenature.
TherearetworiversflowinginBJRD,oneistheHuangpuRiverdesignatedwiththemillennium-floodcontrolcriterions,andtheotheriswould-beinnerriver---BailianJingRiver.Inlightofthedifferentrivertypes,theyshouldbedealtwithindifferentmeasures.
3.1.1BankrevetmentspacedesigninHuangpuRiver
AsthemotherriverofShanghai,theHuangpuRiverisamediumintensitytidalriverwithtwoebbsandflowseveryday.Theaveragehightidefortheriveris+3.14meter,withtheaveragelowtide+1.29meter.Groundelevation alongtheriverisabout+4.20meter,withthehighestwaterlevelin10yearsupto+4.73m,in100yearsupto+5.18meterin1000yearsupto+5.70meter,andtheheightoffloorpreventionwallisdesignedtobe+6.70meter.
Neithertheone-layerflood-preventionwallsinPuxiBundnorthetwo-layerterracefloodembankmentinLuJiazuicanfundamentallysolvethewater-enjoyableproblem..SopeoplecanonlyfeelthewidthoftheHuangpuRiver,butcannotenjoythechangeoftide.Nevertheless,thewater-enjoyableproblemoftheHuangpuRiverisnotonlyavisualaesthetics,butalsoatechnicalone.
Thegreatestdifficultyforthewater-enjoyableproblemliesontheverticalL-ferroconcretefloodpreventionwallswhichstandalongtheHuangpuRiverwithaheightof+2.5meterandatotallengthof1.7km.Mostofthewallswerebuiltinthe1990swithahugeinvestment..
Thefirstproblemtobesolvedhereiswhethertheflood-preventionwallcanbereusedtocutdownthecostandembodytheprincipalof“thrift-advocatingworldexposition”.Throughstructuralstabilityexaminationandcalculation,theexistingflood-preventionwallcouldtotallysatisfytherequirements,whichindicatesthatthe
wallandthefundamentalstructurecanberemainedandthepartoftheoriginalwallwiththeheig
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