英国合同法复习资料.docx
- 文档编号:9728216
- 上传时间:2023-02-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:81
- 大小:74.15KB
英国合同法复习资料.docx
《英国合同法复习资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英国合同法复习资料.docx(81页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英国合同法复习资料
Lecture1OfferandacceptanceI
Whatisanoffer?
Keyprinciples:
Anofferisastatementwhichobjectivelyindicatesthattheofferorispreparedtocontractonspecifiedterms.
HarveyvFacey[1893]A.C.552p7.
Fact:
P:
“WillyousellusBumperHallPen?
Telegraphlowestcashprice”D:
“Lowestprice–900pounds”P:
“Weagreetobuyforthesumof900poundsaskedbyyou”Drefusedtosell.
Held:
Disnotbound.P’sfirsttelegramaskedtwoquestionsandDansweredonlythesecond.Dhadmadenopromise,expressorimpliedtosell.Astatementoftheminimumpriceatwhichapartymaybewillingtosellwillnotamounttoanoffer.
GibsonvManchesterCityCouncil[1979]1WLR294p7.
Fact:
Councilhadapolicyofsellingcouncilhousestotenant.“Thecouncilmaybepreparedtosellthehousetoyou”andinvitedGibsontofillinaform.Gibsonfilledinbutcouncilrefusedtosell.
Held:
Nocontract.Thewords“maybepreparedtosell”arefataltothis.TheCouncildidnotmakeanofferbutonlyinvitedoffersandthetenantmadeafirmofferwhichwasrejectedbytheCouncil.Thetenant’sapplicationwasanofferratherthananacceptance.
Recognizedinstancesofinvitationstotreat
Advertisements
Keyprinciples:
Advertisementsarenormallyinvitationstotreatbecauseitisclearthattheadvertiserdoesnotintendtobebound.
PartridgevCrittenden[1968]1W.L.R.1204
Fact:
Concernsanewspaperadvertisementthatcertainwildbirdsareavailableforsalefor25seach.Nodetailsastoquantity.
Held:
Theaddidnotamounttoanoffertosell.
Exception:
iftheadvertisementisunilateral
CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo.[1893]1QB256p35.
Fact:
Inanewspaperad,Dstatedthatitwouldpay£100toanypersonwhobecameillwithfluafterusingthesmokeballasdirectedandthattoshowitssincerityithaddeposited£1000inabankaccount.Pusedthesmokeball,butneverthelesscaughtflu.
Held:
theadwasanoffertotheworldwhichwasacceptedbyPwhensheusedthesmokeballasdirected.Shewasentitledtothe£100.
Shopdisplays
Keyprinciples:
thedisplayofgoodsforsaleonasupermarketshelfisaninvitationtotreat,andtheothertobuyismadebythecustomerpresentingthegoodstothecashier.
FishervBell[1961]1QB394
Facts:
wherethedefendantwaschargedwiththeoffenceofofferingforasaleaflickknife.
Held:
Asageneralrule,displayofflickknifeinashopwindowisaninvitationtotreatandnotanoffer.
PharmaceuticalSocietyofGreatBritainvBootsCashChemists[1953]1QB401p17.
Facts:
theDdisplayedmedicinesontheirshelveswhichunderstatutemustbesoldunderthesupervisionofaregisteredpharmacist.Inthisshop,thepharmacistcouldrefusetoallowthepurchaseatthecashdesk.
Held:
Puttingupgoodsontheshelvesofaself-serviceshopwasaninvitationtotreat.Therewasnosaleuntiltheshopkeeperacceptedthecustomer’soffertobuy.Themainpracticalconsequenceofthisareunderthelawofcontract,shopsarenotboundtosellgoodsatthepriceindicatedandacustomercannotdemandtobuyaparticularitemondisplay.
Tenders
Keyprinciples:
acircularinvitingthesubmissionoftendersisnormallyaninvitationtotreatandthesubmissionofthetenderistheoffer.
SpencervHarding(1870)LR5CP561p9.
Facts:
Thedefendantshaveacircularwherebytoofferforsalesomestocksbytenderandtobesoldatadiscountinonelot.Theplaintiffarguedthatthedefendanthastoselltothehighesttender.
Held:
Forthedefendant.Anofferforsaleinthetenderisjustaninvitationtotreat.Thereisnothingtosuggestthatthedefendantwillacceptthehighestbid.
CityPolytechnicofHongKongvBlueCross(AsiaPacific)InsuranceLtd[1995]2HKLR103
Facts:
CityPolytechnic,throughaninsurancebroker,invitedtendersfromseveralinsurancecompaniestocoveritsemployees’medicalandlifeinsurance.
Held:
Itwasconfirmedthataninvitationtotenderisnomorethananintentiontoreceivebids.
Situationswherethereisacontractualobligationtoacceptthemostcompetitivebid
Keyprinciples:
aninvitationtosubmittendersmayamounttoanofferwhereitisclearthatthesellerintendstoselltothehighestbidder.(Theinvitationtotendermayamounttoanofferoftheunilateraltypeifthatisthatwasintended)
HarvelaInvestmentsvRoyalTrustofCanada[1986]AC207p13.
Facts:
D1invitedPandD2tomakesealedcompetitivebidsforaparcelofshares,stating“webindourselvestoaccept(thehighest)offer.Pbid$2175000andD2bid$2100000or$101000“inexcessofanyotheroffer.D1believedthattheywereboundtoacceptthebidofD2,asbeingthehighestbid.
Held:
theinvitationtotenderamountedtoanoffertoselltothehighestbidder,however,the“referential”bidofthetypeadoptedbyD2wasnotpermissibleinatransactionofthiskindandthereforeD1wasboundtoaccepttheP’sbid.(thethirdparty’sbidwasareferentialbidandwasnotavalidoffer.)
Anobligationtoconsidertenders
Keyprinciples:
aninvitationtosubmittendersisanoffertoopenandconsiderallconfirmingtenderstogether.
BlackpoolandFyldeAeroClubvBlackpoolBoroughCouncil[1990]1WLR1195p11.
Facts:
Dinvitedtendersforaconcessiontooperatepleasureflightsfromthelocalairport.Theletterstatedthat’Notenderwhichisreceivedafterthelastdateandtimespecified’wouldbeconsidered.P’stenderwaspostedbyhandintheD’sletterboxbeforethedeadlineexpired,butD’sstaffdidnotemptytheboxandtheP’stenderwasnotconsidered.
Held:
alltenderssubmittedwhichcompliedwiththetenderingprocedurewouldbeopenedandconsideredtogetherwiththeotherconformingtenders.Theinvitationtotenderwasaunilateralofferwasacceptedbythesubmissionofatender.ThecourtheldthatthedefendantswerecontractuallyboundtoconsidertheP’stender.
Auctions
Keyprinciples:
anadforanauctionisnormallyaninvitationtotreat,andthebidistheofferwhichcanbeacceptedbytheauctioneer.Inanauction,theauctioneer’srequestforbidsisaninvitationtotreatandeachbidisanoffer
HarrisvNickerson(1873)LR8QB286p24.
Facts:
Dauctioneeradvertisedthatcertainitemsincluding‘officefurniture’weretobesoldatanauctionsale.ThePattendedthesaletobuytheofficefurniture,butitwaswithdrawnfromthesale.ThePclaimedthattheadamountedtoanoffertosellthefurniturewhichheacceptedbyattendingtheauction.
Held:
theaddidnotamounttoapromisetosellthefurniture.
Auctionswithoutreserve
WarlowvHarrison(1859)1E&E309p21.
Facts:
theDauctioneeradvertisedasalewithoutreserve.WhenPtenderedtoDthemoneyasthepriceofthegoods,Drefusedtoreceivethemoneyortodeliverthegoods.
Held:
Whereanauctionismade“withoutreserve”,theauctioneerisunderacontractualobligationtosellittothehighestbidder.Anadtoholdanauction“withoutreserve”wouldamounttoanoffertoselltothehighestbidder.
Legislation:
SaleofGoodsOrdinanceS60
•Inthecaseofasalebyauction-
•(a)wheregoodsareputupforsalebyauctioninlots,eachlotisprimafaciedeemedtobethesubjectofaseparatecontractofsale;
(b)asalebyauctioniscompletewhentheauctioneerannouncesitscompletionbythefallofthehammer,orinothercustomarymanner.Untilsuchannouncementismadeanybiddermayretracthisbid;
(c)whereasalebyauctionisnotnotifiedtobesubjecttoarighttobidonbehalfoftheseller,itshallnotbelawfulforthesellertobidhimselfortoemployanypersontobidatsuchsale,orfortheauctioneerknowinglytotakeanybidfromtheselleroranysuchperson.Anysalecontraveningthisrulemaybetreatedasfraudulentbythebuyer;
(d)asalebyauctionmaybenotifiedtobesubjecttoareserveorupsetprice,andarighttobidmayalsobereservedexpresslybyoronbehalfoftheseller.
Lecture2:
OfferandAcceptance
UnilateralContracts:
Inaunilateralcontract,theofferorperformshispartoftheobligationwhenhemakestheofferandiftheoffereewishestoenterintothecontract,theoffereemustperformhispart.Examplesofunilateralcontracts:
Rewardcases;“If”contracts
Keyprinciples:
acceptanceofastandingofferoccurswhenanorderisplaced.
GreatNorthernRailwayCo.vWitham(1873)LR9CP16p16.
Facts:
Padvertisedfortendersforthesupplyofrailwaystores.Dsubmittedatenderofferingtoprovidetherequiredarticlesfor12months.Pplacedorders,allofwhichwerecarriedoutexceptthelastone.Darguedthathewasnotlegallyobligedtosupplythegoods,andsowasnotinbreachofcontract.
Held:
theagreementtosupplyforayearwasastandingofferwhichwasacceptedeachtimeanorderwasplaced.Apromisetosupplyasmuchasabuyermayorderbecomesbindinguponthepromisorwhenthebuyermakesanacceptance.Thecourtreasonedthatthefactthatthecontractmayhavebeenunilateralinnaturedidnotpreventitfrombeingbinding.[Intermsofconsideration,theredistributionofthepre-contractualriskswassufficientconsiderationforcontractformation.
OfferinUnilateralContracts
a.Anoffercanbemadetoanidentifiedpersonorparty
GreatNorthernRailwayCo.vWitham(1873)LR9CP16
b.Anoffercanbemadetothepublicatlargeortoaparticularclassofpersons.
CarlillvCarbolicSmokeballCo.[1893]1QB256p35.
Fact:
TheCarbolicSmokeBallCompanymadeaproductcalledthe"smokeball".TheCompanypublishedadvertisementsinthePallMallGazetteandothernewspapersonNovember13,1891,claimingthatitwouldpay£100toanyonewhogotsickwithinfluenzaafterusingitsproductaccordingtotheinstructionssetoutin
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英国 合同法 复习资料