美国文学选读期末复习资料.docx
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美国文学选读期末复习资料.docx
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美国文学选读期末复习资料
美国文学选读期末复习资料
美国文学选读期末复习资料
TheColonialPeriodorTheEnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriod
AmericanPuritanism(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th)
一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林
作品:
1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言历书》---ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthe
valueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.
2、TheAutobiography《自传》---“美国梦”的根源
3、参与起草《独立宣言》
AmericanRomanticism
TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.
浪漫主义两大主题:
爱和大自然的力量
2、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70shortstories)
Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforart’ssake.”
Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(心理分析批评),andthedetectivestory.
诗歌的精髓就是追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡,其中还运用了象征手法。
ThePoeticPrinciple:
1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;
2.Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);
3.Melancholy忧伤(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).
代表作:
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia《莉盖亚》
AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·李》
TheRaven《乌鸦》
TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothicnovel人物:
蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato,筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
三、RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生---ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism(超验主义)
Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen(牧师).
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
AmericanTranscendentalism
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownas“AmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.
ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:
①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙
②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会
③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝
代表作:
Nature《论自然》---theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson;
Self-Reliance《论自助》---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一
TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》;
TheOver-soul《论超灵》
四、NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑---effectedby超验主义
HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.
Oneofthemostambivalent(矛盾的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.
主要成就:
美国心理分析小说的开创者
浪漫主义小说家
心理小说家
代表作:
MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》;
Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》;
TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》;
TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
TheScarletLetter《红字》
ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.
TheScarletLetter《红字》:
HesterPrynne---strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;
Pearl---innocent,perceptive;
RogerChillingworth---amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;
ArthurDimmesdale---intelligentandemotional.
Symbolisminhisworks
Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.
5、HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.
代表作:
WhiteJacket《白外衣》
BillyBudd《毕利·伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
MobyDick1851《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗(《熊》福克纳、《老人与海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔)
MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:
lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)
SymbolisminMobyDick:
---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse
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