《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习手册word可编辑打印.docx
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《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习手册word可编辑打印.docx
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《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习手册word可编辑打印
《语言学概论》学习指导
第一章III.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1.Whatfeaturesdoeshumanlanguagehave,whichcannotbefoundinanimalcommunicationsystem?
2.Whyisspokenlanguagegivenprioritytowrittenlanguageinmodernlinguistics?
3.Whatarethefeaturesofmodernlinguistics?
第二章语音学
一、导读
2.1语音研究
2.2发音机制
2.3语音描写
2.4英语辅音描写
2.5英语元音描写
2.6语音特征和自然类
I.Indicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.PutTfortrueandFforfalseinthebrackets:
()1.Allvowelsarevoiced.
()2.[+sonarant]isonlysharedbyallthevowels.
()3.Monophthongsanddiphthongsaretwomajortypesofvowels.
()4.Soundswhichareproducedwithboththeupperlipandthelowerliparecalledbilabials.
()5.Acousticphoneticsfocusesontheproductionofsoundsfromaphysiologicalperspective.
II.Choosethebestansweramonga,b,cord,andputtheletteryouchooseinthebrackets:
()1.Thewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsis___________.
A.InternationalPhoneticSymbolB.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet
C.NarrowTranscriptionD.WideTranscription
()2.Whenthetonguetouchesthealveolarridge,thesoundproducedisdescribedas__________.
A.alveolarB.palatal
C.velarD.interdental
()3.Inmoredetailedtranscription(sometimesreferedtoasnarrowtranscription),asoundmaybetranscribedwithasymboltowhichasmallersymbolisaddedinordertomarkthefinerdistinctions.Thesmalleroneiscalled____________.
A.segmentB.phoneticsymbol
C.markerD.diacritic
()4.___________isthefuturefoundin[s][z]].[][з][t][dз]
A.[+continuant]B.[+sonorant]
C.[+sibilant]D.[+anterior]
()5.________possessesthefeatures:
[+high][+back][+round][-tense]
A.[u]B[u:
]C.[ɑ:
]D.[
]
III.Writethearticulatorydescriptionofthefollowingphoneticsymbols:
1.[b]
2.[n]
3.[w]
4.[v]
5.[t]
6.[i:
]
7.[θ]
8.[u:
]
9.[æ]
10[ə:
]
IV.Writethephoneticsymbolthatcorrespondstothearticulatorydescription:
1.bilabialstops[]
2.voicedalveolarstops[]
3.velarnasal[]
4.bilabialnasal[]
5.centralvowels[]
6.alveolarfricatives[]
7.highbackvowels[]
8.voicedinterdental[]
9.palatalglide[]
10voicelesspalatalaffricate[]
VII.Howareconsonantsdescribedintermsofmannersofarticulation?
第三章音位学
一、导读
3.1音位学
3.2音位和音位变体
3.3音位的识别
音位学家研究语言的音位系统时,他们区分音位和音位变体的基本过程如下:
3.4区别性特征和非区别性特征
3.5音位规则
3.6音节结构
3.7音位序列
3.8超音段特征
I.Indicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.PutTfortrueandFforfalseinthebrackets:
()1.Ifsoundsappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.
()2.InEnglish,thetwoliquids[l][r]areallophones.
()3.Supersegmatalfeaturesarenon-distinctivefeatures.
()4.Asyllableisnotalwayscomposedofonset,nucleusandcoda.
()5.Toneisadistinctivefeature.
IV.Belowaresomephonologicalrulesdescribedinformulae.Rewritetherulesinwords.
1.[+voiced+consonant]→[-voiced]/[-voiced+consonant]–
2.[+consonant–voiced]→[+voiced]/[+vocalic-consonant]–[+vocalic-consonant]
3.[-voiced+stop]→[+aspirated]/#-[-consonantal+vocalic+stressed]
4.[+vocalic–consonantal]→[+nasalized]/-[+nasal]
V.Identifythedifferencebetweenahotdogandahotdog.
VI.Howdoyouunderstandthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?
第四章形态学
一、导读
4.1词与词的结构
4.2词素
4.3词素的类别
4.4英语构词法
Ⅰ.Filltheblankswithnecessarywordsbeginningwiththelettergiven:
1.Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthel(theGreekwordfordictionary),whichcanbeunderstoodasamentaldictionary.
2.Asthesmallestfreeunitsoflanguage,wordsunitesoundswithmeaning.Inwriting,wordsmusthaveformalrepresentation,calledo.
3.Misdefinedasthestudyoftheinternalstructureandtheformationofwords.
4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageiscalledam.
5.Wordslikewent,whichisnotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeroot,arecalleds.
6.Somemorphemeslikewater,desire,work,able,andthereconstitutewordsbythemselves,Theyarefwhentheyarecomponentsofwords.
7.Somemorphemeslikede-,dis-,-ish,-ing,areneverusedindependentlyinspeechandwriting,Theyarealwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwords,Thesemorphemesarecalledb.
8.Complementarywith–erand–estaremoreandmost,whichareputbeforeadjectivesandadverbscomposedoftwoormoresyllables,-erandmore,–estandmost,area
9.Theprocessofputtingaffixestoexistingformstocreatenewwordsiscalledd.
10.Cisaprocessthatshortensapolysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables,Bus(fromomnibus),vet(fromveterinarian)aregoodexamples.
Ⅲ.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1.Usesomeexamplestoillustrateoneoftheformsofwordformation——compounding.
2.Illustrate“conversion”withsomeexamples.
第五章句法
5.1语法性
5.2句子结构知识
5.3研究句法的不同方式
5.4转换
Ⅰ.Filltheblankswiththeappropriatewordsbeginningwiththelettergiven..
1.Structuralgrammarischaracterizedbyatop-downprocessofanalysis.Asentenceisseenasaconstituentstructure.Allthecomponentsofthesentenceareitsconstituents.Asentencecanbecutintosectioncanbecutintosections.Eachsectionisitsimmediateconstituent.Theneachsectioncanbefurthercutintoconstituents.Thison-goingcuttingistermedica.
2.SistheanalysisofSentenceStructure.
3.Ascisaclassofexpressionsthatsubstituteforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticality.Forexample,inthesentenceAnaughtyboybrokethewindow,anaughtyboycanbereplacedbyhe,aman,John,themanwhohasjustleft,andsoon.AllthesebelongtothesamesyntacticcategorycalledNounPhrase.(abbreviatedasNP).
4.Theprocessofputtingwordsofthesamelexicalcategoryintosmallerclassesaccordingtotheirsyntacticcharacteristicsiscalleds.
5.Somematerialprocessesalsoinvolves,whichessentiallyencodesthebackgroundofaction,includingtime,location,manner,cause,reason,accompaniment,etc.
6.Modalitycanbecategorizedintomandmaccordingtothedistinctionofspeechroles.
Ⅱ.Drawtwotreediagramsofthefollowingambiguoussentence:
Theycanfish.
Ⅲ.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowhowsyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences:
1.Smokingcigarscanbenauseating.
2.Afterathree-daydebate,theyfinallydecidedontheplane.
Ⅳ.Tellwhetherpolarityormodalityisexpressedinthefollowingsentences,ifmodality,thenidentifythetype(modalizationormodulation):
1.Heoftengoestothesupermarket.
2.Ihardlyheardthenoiseoutside.
3.Yououghttogivehimthepresent.
4.Ihavenotbeentothatcity.
Ⅴ.Identifythetypeoftransitivityprocessineachofthefollowingsentences:
1.Tomcookedthedinner.
2.Maryownsthehouse.
3.Johnlikesthebook.
4.Tinaisplayingthegame.
5.Lisatoldhimthesecret.
6.Thereisagardeninfrontofmygrandma’shouse.
第六章语义学
一、导读
6.1意义研究
6.2指称和意义
6.3词汇意义的分类
6.4词汇意义关系
Ⅰ.Filltheblankswithnecessarywordsbeginningwiththelettergiven:
1.Sisdefinedasthestudyofmeaning.
2.A,miswhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingorattitudeofthespeaker/writertowardwhatisreferredto.Statesmaniscommendinginsensewhilepoliticianisderogatory.
3.Sarewordswhichhavedifferentformbutsimilarmeaning.
4.Synonymsofdifferentrarewordssimilarinmeaningbutusedindifferentspheres.
5.Intraditionalterminology,aarewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.
6.Gaarepairsofwordsoppositetoeachother,butthepositiveofoneworddoesnotnecessarilyimplythenegativeoftheother,orviceversa.
7.Harewordswhichhavethesameform,butdifferentmeaning.
8.Apisawordwhichhasseveralrelatedsenses.
9.Hisarelationofinclusion.Tiger,lion,elephantarehyponymsofthewordanimal.Wordslikeanimalarecalleds.
10.Theapproachthatanalyzeswordmeaningbydecomposingitintoitsatomicfeaturesiscalledca.
Ⅲ.Thefollowingpairsofwordsorphrasesaresimilarinmeaning.Trytotellthedifferencebetweenthetwowordsorexpressionsinlightofclassificationoflexicalmeaning:
1.choir/chorus2.enshroud/cover3.passaway/die4.mail/post5.fetid/badsmell6.beauty/siren7.assassinate/murder
Ⅳ.Therearethreekindsofantonymy.BywritingC,G,orRinthebank,indicatewhetherthepairiscomplementary,gradable,orreversalopposites:
1.rich/poor2.male/female3.dead/alive4.husband/wife5.come/go6.ascend/descend
Ⅴ.Indicatethestatementstrueorfalse.PutTfortrueandFforfalseinthebrackets:
()1.Prototypereferstotheprocessbywhichpeopleuselanguagetoclassifytheworldaroundandinsidethem.
()2.ThetheoryofprototypesproposedbyEleanorRosch,solvesthelogicalproblembyanotionofdegreeofmembership.
()3.Componentialanalysiscanbeappliedtotheanalysisofalllexicons.
()4.Referencerelatesthesigntowhatitdenotesintheword.Conceptrelatesthesigntothemind.
()5.Apolysemeisawordwhichhasseveralrelatedsenses.
()6.Hyponymyisarelationofinclusion.Tiger,lionanddogarehyponymsoftheworldanimal.
()7.Reflectedmeaningistheassociatedmeaningawordacquiresinlinewiththemeaningofwordswhichtendtoco-occurwithit.
第七章语用学
7.1意义的语用研究
7.2指示语和指称
.
7.3言语行为
7.4合作原则与会话含意
7.5礼貌原则(ThePolitenessPrinciple)
7.6关联理论
7.7会话结构
I.Dataanalysis:
1.Whatkindofpre-sequenceisA’sfirstutteranceineachofthefollowingdiscourses?
1)A:
Areyoudoin
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