语言学课后练习之练习1Language.docx
- 文档编号:9701627
- 上传时间:2023-02-05
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:17.66KB
语言学课后练习之练习1Language.docx
《语言学课后练习之练习1Language.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学课后练习之练习1Language.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学课后练习之练习1Language
语言学导论课外补充练习
(1)
language
1.Statethenatureoflanguagebrieflywithexamples.
2.Whyisitsaidthatthelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings?
3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?
4.Whatarethesocialfunctionsoflanguage?
5.Doanimalsotherthanhumanshavetheirownlanguages?
6.Exemplifyhowanimalscommunicatewitheachother.
7.Canlanguagebeviewedonlyasasystemofcommunication?
Whynot?
8.Howdidlanguagecomeintobeing?
Whatistherelationshipbetweentheorigin
oflanguageandtheoriginofhumanbeings?
9.Rewriteeachofthefollowinglistsofwordsintonaturalorder.
(1)Five/the/fresh/potatoes
(2)Pretty/American/girls/thetwo
(3)Airlines/brand/France-made/new/thetwo
(4)Fashions/Chinese/the/latest/three
(5)Beginning/hardworking/two/the/workers
10.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwords.
(1)_______functionmeanslanguagecanbeusedto“do”things.
(2)_______functionmeanstheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthe
feelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
(3)Mostimperativesentencesareassociatedwith_______function.
(4)Thesentence“What’sitlike?
”shows______function.
(5)Greetingsshows_______function.
(6)“Wearemostgratefulforthis.”shows______function.
(7)Propagandashows________function.
(8)________referstocontextsremovedfromtheimmediateofthespeaker.
(9)For________,referenceisnottheonly,noteventheprimarygoalof
communication.
(10)Halliday’smetafunctionsinclude________,___________,
_____________.
(11)Linguisticsshouldincludeatleastfiveparameters:
_________
__________________________________________________.
.11.Saythefollowingaretrueorfalse.Ifitisfalsecorrectit
(1)Languagedistinguishesusfromanimalsbecauseitisfarmore
sophisticatedthananyanimalscommunicationsystem.
(2)Thereisnotacertaindegreeofcorrespondencebetweenthesequenceof
clausesandtheactualhappenings.
(3)Thetheoriesdiscussedinthetextbookabouttheoriginsoflanguagearenot
atmostaspeculation.
(4)Thedefinition,“Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.”hasno
problem.
(5)Thedefinition,“languageisasetofrules”,tellsnothingaboutits
functions.
(6)Hall,likeSapir,treatslanguageasapurelyhumaninstitution.
(7)Chomsky’sdefinitionaboutlanguageisthesameasSapir’s.
语言学课外单元补充习题答案
Language(Exercise1)
1.Statethenatureoflanguagebrieflywithexamples.
Answer:
modernlinguistshaveproposedvariousdefinitionsoflanguagesuchas:
Languageis“apurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”(Sapir,1921)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”(Hall,1968)Languageis“aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”(Chomsky,1957)
“语言是人跟人互通信息,用发音器官发出来的,成系统的行为的方式。
”(赵元任)
Eachofthesedefinitionshasitsownspecialemphasis.However,thereisagenerallyaccepteddefinition:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thedefinitionhascapturedmainfeaturesofhumanlanguage:
(i)languageisasystem;(ii)languageisarbitrary;(iii)languageisvocal;(iv)languageishuman-specific;and(v)languageistocommunicate.(Studentsshouldillustratethesepointsmoreclearly)
2.Whyisitsaidthatthelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings?
Thatlanguageishumanspecificmeansthatlanguageisdifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifehave,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.(Moreaboutthispointcanbefoundintheillustrationofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage)
3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?
Humanlanguageischaracterizedbyitsdesignfeatures,whichreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagewhichdistinguishitfromanimalcommunicationsystem.AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified13features(someofthemdiscussedinourtextbook):
1.Modeofcommunication:
vocal-auditory;
2.RapidFading:
Messagedoesnotlingerintimeorspaceafterproduction.
3.Interchangeability:
individualswhousealanguagecanbothsendandreceiveanypermissiblemessagewithinthatcommunicationsystem.
4.Feedback:
usersofalanguagecanperceivewhattheyaretransmittingandcanmakecorrectionsiftheymakeerrors.
5.Specialization:
thedirect-energeticconsequencesoflinguisticsignalsareusuallybiologicallytrivial;onlythetriggeringeffectsareimportant.
6.Semanticity:
thereareassociativetiesbetweensignalelementsandfeaturesintheworld;inshort,somelinguisticformshavedenotations.
7.Arbitrariness:
thereisnologicalconnectionbetweentheformofthesignalanditsmeaning.
8.Discreteness:
messagesinthesystemaremadeupofsmaller,repeatableparts;thesoundsoflanguage(orcheremesofasign)areperceivedcategorically,notcontinuously.
9.Displacement:
linguisticmessagesmayrefertothingsremoteintimeandspace,orboth,fromthesiteofthecommunication.
10.Productivity:
userscancreateandunderstandcompletelynovelmessages.1)In
alanguage,newmessagesarefreelycoinedbyblending,analogizingfrom,ortransformingoldones.Thissaysthateverylanguagehasgrammaticalpatterning.2)Inalanguage,eitherneworoldelementsarefreelyassignednewsemanticloadsbycircumstancesandcontext.Thissaysthatineverylanguagenewidiomsconstantlycomeintoexistence.
11.Culturaltransmission:
theconventionsofalanguagearelearnedbyinteractingwithmoreexperiencedusers.
12.Duality(ofPatterning):
alargenumberofmeaningfulelementsaremadeupof
aconvenientlysmallnumberofmeaninglessbutmessage-differentiatingelements.
13.Prevarication:
linguisticmessagescanbefalse,deceptive,ormeaningless.
14.Reflexiveness:
Inalanguage,onecancommunicateaboutcommunication.
15.Learnability:
Aspeakerofalanguagecanlearnanotherlanguage.
(CharlesHockett,1966,"TheProblemofUniversalsinLanguage".)
Amongthem,arbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacementarethecrucialandcentralpropertiesoflanguage.
4.Whatarethesocialfunctionsoflanguage?
Languageservesvarioussocialfunctionsasfollows:
1)phatic:
languageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereforfurthercommunicationormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformation,suchasgreetings,farewellsandcommentsontheweather.
2)directive:
languageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething.
3)informative:
languageistheinstrumentofthought,istogiveinformationorrecordthefacts.
4)interrogative:
languageisusedtogetinformationfromothers.
5)expressive:
languageisusedtoconveytheuser’sfeelingsorattitudes.
6)evocative:
languageisusedtocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.
7)performative:
languagecanbeusedtoperformcertainacts.
(Studentsarerequiredtolistotherfunctionsoflanguageandgivesomeexamples)
5.Doanimalsotherthanhumanshavetheirownlanguages?
Animalshavetheirowncommunicationsystemswhichmaybedifferentfromhumanlanguages.Forinstance,abeecantellotherbeesthelocation,direction,distanceorqualityofthefoodsourcebyperformingadanceonawallofthehive.Anantcanconveyinformationtoitspartnersthroughitsfeelers.
6.Exemplifyhowanimalscommunicatewitheachother.
Seetheanswertothequestion5(listmoreexamplesaboutotheranimals).
7.Canlanguagebeviewedonlyasasystemofcommunication?
Whynot?
Thestatementthatlanguageisasystemofcommunicationdoesnotclarifythe
natureoflanguage.Languageisacomplicatednotion.Aproperdefinitionshouldbebasedonthestructures,featuresandfunctionsoflanguage.Moreover,iflanguageisdefinedmerelyasasystemofcommunication,thenlanguageisnotuniquetohumans.(Moreonthisseetheanswersabove.)
8.Howdidlanguagecomeintobeing?
Whatistherelationshipbetweentheoriginoflanguageandtheoriginofhumanbeings?
Therearemanytheoriesabouttheoriginoflanguage.Fourtheoriesareintroducedinthetextbook1(PP.9-19).Youcanfindmoreinformationaboutthisproblemontheinternet,orinthelibrary.
Therelationshipbetweentheoriginoflanguageandtheoriginofhumanbeingsisanopenquestion.Studentscandiscussitaccordingtoyourunderstanding.
9.Rewriteeachofthefollowinglistsofwordsintonaturalorder.
Five/the/fresh/potatoes:
Thefivefreshpotatoes
Pretty/American/girls/thetwo:
ThetwoprettyAmericangirls
Airlines/brand/France-made/new/thetwo:
ThetwonewbrandFrance-madeairlines
Fashions/Chinese/the/latest/three:
ThelatestthreeChinesefashions
Beginning/hardworking/two/the/workers:
Thetwobeginninghardworkingworkers
10.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwords.
(1)Performativefunctionmeanslanguagecanbeusedto“do”things.
(2)Emotive/expressivefunctionmeanstheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
(3)Mostimperativesentencesareassociatedwithdirectivefunction.
(4)Thesentence“What’sitlike?
”showsinterrogativefunction.
(5)Greetingsshowsphaticfunction.
(6)“Wearemostgratefulforthis.”showsexpressivefunction.
(7)Propagandashowsevocativefunction.
(8)Displacementreferstocontextsremovedfromtheimmediateofthespeaker.
(9)ForJakobson,referenceisnottheonly,noteventheprimarygoalofcommunication.
(10)Halliday’smetafunctionsincludeIdeational,InterpersonalandTextualfunctions.
(11)Linguisticsshouldincludeatlea
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 课后 练习 Language