美式英语和英式英语对比小论文The Differences between British English and American English.docx
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美式英语和英式英语对比小论文The Differences between British English and American English.docx
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美式英语和英式英语对比小论文TheDifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish
TheDifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish
Abstract
BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharethetwomajorvarietiesofEnglishintheworldatpresentandtherearemanydifferencesbetweenthem.ThispapertalksaboutthedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.Thepapermainlyconsistsoffiveparts.Thefirstpartisintroduction.IwillintroducetheoriginanddevelopmentofBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.Parttwoisthemainbody,whichcanbedividedintofourchapters.ThefirstthreechaptersofthispaperistointroducethespecificdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishinvocabulary,usage,expressionetc.AndthenanalyzingthemainfactorswhichcausethedifferenceofEnglishlanguage.Thefinalpartofthearticleisconclusion.ItsummarizesthedifferencesbetweentheBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishandthentalksaboutthesignificantofthispaper.
Keywords:
BritishEnglish;AmericanEnglish;differences;usage;expression;pronunciation
摘要
英式英语和美式英语是目前世界上英语的主要两个种类,而两者之间又有许多差别。
本文主要讲述英式英语和美式英语之间的区别。
本文主要由五个部分组成。
第一部分是引言,主要介绍英式英语和美式英语的起源和发展。
第二部分是文章的主体,可以分为四个章节。
前三章介绍英式英语和美式英语在词汇,用法,表达等方面的具体差异。
第四章分析导致英式英语和美式英语产生差异的主要原因。
最后一部分结论对文章进行总结,并阐释了本文的重要性。
关键词:
英式英语;美式英语;区别;用法;表达法;语音
Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................1
ChapterOneTheDifferenceinVocabulary.......................................................................................2
1.1DifferencesinPronunciation...............................................................................................2
1.1.1DifferencesinIndividualSounds.............................................................................2
1.1.2DifferencesinStress.................................................................................................3
1.2DifferencesinSpelling........................................................................................................3
1.3DifferentWordsfortheSameMeaning...............................................................................4
1.4OneSameWordbutDifferentMeanings.............................................................................5
1.5SimplifyfromBritishEnglishtoAmericanEnglish............................................................5
1.6DifferencesinPastTenseForms..........................................................................................5
ChapterTwoDifferencesinCustomaryUsageandExpression........................................................6
2.1DifferencesintheUsageofPrepositions.............................................................................6
2.2DifferencesintheUsageofIdiom.......................................................................................6
2.3DifferencesinExpressions...................................................................................................7
2.3.1TheExpressionofDate.............................................................................................7
2.3.2TheExpressionofnumbers.......................................................................................7
ChapterThreeOtherDifferences.......................................................................................................8
3.1DifferencesinCharacteristics..............................................................................................8
3.2DifferencesinTone..............................................................................................................8
3.3DifferentConversationonthePhone...................................................................................9
ChapterFourCausingoftheDifferences..........................................................................................9
4.1TheHistoricalFactorsCausingtheVocabularyDifferences...............................................9
4.1.1TheSameOriginofTwoVariantsofEnglishLanguage..........................................9
4.1.2TheDevelopmentandChangesofVocabulary.........................................................9
4.2TheGeographicalFactorsCausingtheDifferences...........................................................10
4.3OtherConsiderableFactorsCausingtheDifferences........................................................10
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................11
Introduction
TheearlyinhabitantsoftheislandwenowcallEnglandwereCelts(alsocalledBritons).In55B.C.BritainwasinvadedbytheRomanconquerorJuliusCaesar.Until410A.D.alltheromantroopsreturnedtothecontinent,thusendingtheRomanoccupationofBritain.Lateron,threetribesfromtheNorthernEuropeinvadedBritainandsettleddownontheisland:
Angles,SaxonsandJutes.
ThehistoryoftheEnglishLanguageisdividedintothreeperiods:
Theperiodfrom450to1150isknownastheOldEnglishorAnglo-Saxonperiod.Itisdescribedastheperiodoffullinflections,sinceduringmostofthisperiodthecaseendingsofthenoun,theadjective,andtheconjugationoftheverbwerenotweakend.
Theperiodfrom1150to1500isknownastheMiddleEnglishperiod.Duringthisperiodtheinflections,whichhadbeguntobreakdowntowardstheendoftheOldEnglishperiod,becamegreatlyreduced,anditisknownastheperiodofleveledinflections.
Theperiodfrom1500tothepresentdayiscalledthemodernEnglishperiod.Alargepartoftheoridinalinflectionalsystemhasdisappeared,anditisknownastheperiodoflostinflections.
Bythemorethan1500years’changes,theEnglishLanguagehasdevelopedfromalocallanguagespokenbyasmallnumberofpeopleinGermanictribestoitspresentpositionasaveryimportantlanguagespokenbyalargenumbersofpeopleallovertheworld.ThewidespreadofEnglishcanduetothedevelopmentofthepolitics,economyandthesociety.
Atthebeginningof17thcenturytheEnglishlanguagewasbroughttoNorthAmericabycolonistsfromEngland.TheBritishpeopleusedthelanguagespokeninEngland,thatis,ElizabethanEnglish,thelanguageusedbyShakespeareandMiltonandBunyan.Sincetheseventeenthcentury,thetimeofAmericancolonization,EnglishhasbeenthelanguageoftheUnitedStates.
ThedevelopmentoftheAmericanEnglishcanbesimplyseparatedintothreeperiods:
ThefirstperiodextendsfromthesettlementofJamestownin1607totheendofcolonialtimes.Thistimemaybeputat1787,orat1790.InthisperiodthepopulationinAmericanumberedaboutfourmillion,90percentofwhomcamefromBritish.Thesecondperiodcoverstheexpansionoftheoriginalthirteencolonies.ThisperiodwasmarkedbythearrivalofthenewimmigrantsfromIrelandandGermany.Thethirdperiod,theperiodsincetheCivilWar,ismarkedbyanimportantchangeinthesourcefromwhichtheEuropeanimmigrantscame.ComparingwithBritishEnglish,AmericanEnglishisaspecificdefinitionwhichreflectsAmericanculture,historyandsociety.ItisnotanindependentlanguagebutavarietyofEnglish.
Chapterone:
TheDifferenceinVocabulary
1.1DifferencesinPronunciation
1.1.1DifferencesinIndividualSounds
⑴Americansretaintherattheendofthewordscar,etc.,orbeforeconsonantsasinhard,etc.;inBritishEnglishtherisnotpronounced,asinteacher['ti:
tʃə].
BrEstar[sta:
]car[ka:
]
AmEstar[stʌr]car[stʌr]
⑵Intermsoftheconsonant,themostobvioussystematicdifferenceisthepronunciationof/r/behindvowelsinAmericanEnglish.ButthispronunciationdonotexistinBritishEnglish.
Herearesomeexamples:
AmEBrE
door/dɔ:
r//dɔ:
/
father/`fa:
ðər//`fa:
ðə/
pleasure/`pleʒər//`pleʒə/
⑶Theotherimportantsystematicisthepronunciationof/t/betweentwovowels.Itpronouncedas/t/inBritishEnglishbutpronouncedas/d/inAmericanEnglish.
e.g.:
butterbettermatterfatter
⑷Americansprefertouseflatasimilarto/æ/,inwordspath,grass,answer,etc.againstthebroadacurrentlyusedbyEnglishmen.
⑸Thethirdobvioussystematicdifferenceisrelatedto/l/.Thereisdifferencebetweenclear/l/anddark/l/inBritishEnglishbutnotinAmericanEnglish.Americanspronounceditasdark/l/anytime.
e.g.:
calm/ka:
lm//ka:
m/
⑹Theletterainconsonantcombinationsat,ask,ass,ath,alfandanceispronouncedas/a:
/inBritishEnglish,whereasaispronouncedas/æ/inAmericanEnglish.
e.g.:
after/a:
ftə//æftə/
half/ha:
f//hæf/
⑺/ʌ/inBritishEnglishispronouncedas/ə/inAmericanEnglish.
e.g.:
cup/kʌp//kəp/
⑻DiphthongsinBritishEnglisharereplacedbylongvowelsinAmericanEnglish.
e.g.:
/ei/by/e//əu/by/ɔ//εə/by/e//iə/by/i/
⑼/ju:
/inBritishEnglishpronouncedas/u:
/afteradentalinAmericanEnglish.
e.g.:
duke/du:
k//dju:
k/
news/nu:
z//nju:
z/
1.1.2DifferencesinStress
ThereisobviouschangeonstressinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.BritishEnglishtendstostressstronglyonesyllable,usuallythefirstandhurryovertherestoftheword.AmericanEnglishtendstoputthestressonthefirstsyllablebutalsotoputasecondarystressonthelattersyllableandpronouncestheremainingsyllablesmoredistinctly.
(1)WordsendedupwithateinAmericanEnglishalwaysputthestressonthefirstsyllable,butitwasputonthelastsyllableinBritishEnglish.
Examples:
likedonatemigratevacate
(2)Mostwordsendedupwith–ary,-ery,-oryputthestressonthefi
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