成考专升本英语复习备考资料英语.docx
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成考专升本英语复习备考资料英语.docx
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成考专升本英语复习备考资料英语
核心考点语法
(1)动名词
动名词最基本的概念就是动词抽象化,最常用的作用就是修饰名词的作用,如:
smokingroom,dancingclub,washingmachine等。
但最常考的就是以下几点:
1.动名词作宾语,就是有些动词之后必须跟动名词形式,如:
avoid,can'thelp,consider,deny,delay ,enjoy,endure,escape, finish,giveup,imagine,keepon,leaveoff,mind,miss,need ,postpone,practice,putoff,require,risk,stop,suggest 等,考点为:
IlefttheofficesoIcanavoidseeinghim.
Hedeniedstealingthemoney.
关键考点是动名词的被动形式beingdone,如:
Hehasapowerfulsportscarandcanescapebeingfinedeasily.
Hehastoendurebeingtreatedunfairly.
2.动名词作主语。
动词作主语一般有两种处理方式,一是改成todo的方式,二是改成doing的方式,记住todo表示具体动作,而doing表示抽象动作,如:
(swim)intheriveronahotdayisrelaxing.
(swim)isgoodforyourhealth.
哪个是具体动作?
3.特殊动词,既能加doing又能加todo,一定记住要点,todo表示未发生动作而doing表示已有过得经历和经验。
Who’sthegirl?
Iremember(see)thegirllastmonth.
Hedrovehomedirectlyafterworkandheforgot(pick)meupattheairport.
(2)动词不定式
动词不定式的考点比较简单只要记住以下几点就可以:
1.下列动词之后一定要加todo
afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,decide,need,dare,determine,expect,hope,fail,happen,learn,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem
2.itis+adj.+todo.
3.…onlytofindthat…(常考句型,“结果却发现……”)
Ihurriedtotheclass,onlytofindthattheclasshadbeencanceled.
4.…is/wassaidto…据说……
Thefactorywassaidtohavebeenbuilt25yearsago.
5.表示目的时,放在句首。
Togoabroad,IhavetolearnEnglishhard..
(3)虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
虚拟语气有三个主要结构,一定要记住,分别是对现在,过去和将来进行虚拟。
1.对现在的虚拟:
If+主语+did,主语+would/should/could/might+do
Ifheknewtheanswer,hewouldtellyou.
2.对过去的虚拟:
If+主语+had+done,主语+would/should/could/might+have+done
Ifyouhadcomehereyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.
Ifyouhadbeenmorecareful,youwouldn’tmadesuchamistake.
3.对将来的虚拟:
If+主语+动词过去式,主语+would/should/could/might+do
If+主语+wereto+do,主语+would/should/could/might+do
If+主语+should+do,主语+would/should/could/might+do
第一个结构表示建议或提醒,而第二个结构表示警告或责备。
Ifyouweretoleavetomorrow,youwouldn’tbelateforthemeetinginNewYorknextweek.
难点一:
以上为虚拟语气基本考点,就是考察前后结构搭配,如:
IfI(notcall)thepolice,thethiefwouldhaverunaway.
虚拟语气里最常考的结构就是对过去的虚拟,要牢记,只要看到
would/should/could/might+have+done
就想到是讲述过去的事,甚至是把它看成一般过去式。
难点二:
考察虚拟语气三大结构省略if的格式,如:
IfIhadcomehereyesterday,Iwouldhavemethim.
HadIcomehereyesterday,Iwouldhavemethim.
4.欲望动词:
欲望动词是虚拟语气的重点考点,所谓欲望动词就是表示命令,建议等的动词。
一般考试结构为:
HeinsistedthatTom(finish)theworkbyFriday.
Somepeoplesuggestedthatschoolchildren(wear)uniform.
HedemandedthatI(help)him.
固定结构为:
主语+欲望动词+that+主语+should+do,should可以省略。
切记,考试常考欲望动词的被动结构
Heorderedthatthebooksbesenttotheofficeby5o’clock.
5.含蓄条件句:
含蓄条件句就是从句中不再出现if,而用其他的引导词代替。
如:
A B
without asif
otherwise/or asthough
Butfor Ifonly
AB两组词用法不一样,A组用虚拟语气三大结构的主句结构,而B组用wish的结构,看下列例子:
A组:
Icouldn’thavefinishedtheworkwithoutyourhelp.
Butforyouradvice,Iwouldhavebeenintrouble.
B组:
Hetalksasifhewereanadult.
Ifonlyyouhadcomehereyesterday.
经典试题:
1)Life(be)totallydifferentwithoutinternet.
2)Icalledthepoliceintime.Otherwisethethief(run)away.
3)Myparentstookgoodcareofthedogasifhe(be)theirownson.
4)Ifonlyhe(be)carefulattheexam.
6.固定句型:
虚拟语气中有两个常考的句型:
It’stimethat和wouldratherthat
It’stimethat主语+did(对现在的建议,到了该做……的时间了)
It’stimethatwehadthemeeting.
主语wouldratherthat主语+did(对现在的评论)
Iwouldratherthatyoucametoday.
主语wouldratherthat主语+had+done(对过去的评论)
Iwouldratherthatyouhadstayedhomeyesterday.
(4)部分倒装
部分倒装
部分倒装只需要把助动词提到主语之前,通常引导部分倒装的词语为:
hardly,never,seldom,little,rarely,neither,nor,no,not,only,so如:
IhaveneverbeentotheUnitedStated.改为:
NeverhaveIbeentotheUnitedStates.
试把以下句子变成倒装句:
1)Ihavenevermethimbefore.
2)Hehardlygoesoutafterwork.
3)IseldomateoutwhenIwasyoung.
以上为简单句的倒装,考试中经常出现并列句及从句的倒装考点,如由并列结构notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,复合句结构onlywhen…,nosooner…than…,scarcely/hardly…when…
切记:
并列句只在很有倒装结构的分句上倒装,复合句只在主句上倒装。
1)Notonly(hecan)playmusicalinstrument,butalso(hecan)repaircars.
2)Neither(hewant)totellthenews,nor(Iwant)toask.
3)Nosooner(heget)homethanit(rain).
4)Onlywhenyouareawaretheimportanceoftheposition,(youcan)performwell.
5)Hardly(Ileave)than(hearrive).
(5)完全倒装
完全倒装
就是把所有的谓语动词都提到主语之前,一般由方位介词和方位副词引导,如:
Themanagerstandsinfrontofthecar.
Infrontthecarstandsthemanager.
注意:
不要只把方位介词提前,与方位介词有关的词汇都提前,并且注意主语和谓语动词之间的形式。
Theoldmanwalkeddowntothehillslowly.
Thebirdflewuptothebluesky.
试把两句话变成完全倒装。
方位副词为here,there,我们熟悉的therebe句型就属于完全倒装句型,如:
Thereisabookonthedesk.
Herecomesthebus.
Hereisthemoney.
Hereyouare.
以上几个句子都是方位副词使用的方法。
完全倒装里的一个重要考点是要记住:
完全倒装中主语是人称代词时,主谓顺序不变。
(6)关系副词
关系副词when,where,why的考点
这三个词就是代替主句中的时间,地点和原因。
比如:
Istillrememberthemonthwhenwemetforthefirsttime.
Istillremembertheairportwherewemetforthefirsttime.
Istillrememberthereasonwhywemetforthefirsttime.
why是最简单的一个,看见reason就选它。
难点1:
关系副词=介词+关系代词
Istillrememberthemonthwhen/inwhichwemetforthefirsttime.
Istillremembertheairportwhere/atwhichwemetforthefirsttime.
Istillrememberthereasonwhy/forwhichwemetforthefirsttime.
why最简单,记住固定结构for+which
用哪个介词加which是先行词决定的,只要熟练掌握介词加名词就能顺利选出答案。
看下列例题:
1.IpreferSundays______________IcandosomethingIenjoy.
2.Thisisthehospital______________Ihavebeenworkingfor10years.
难点2
为了使句子简洁,定语从句中尽量不要出现介词,这个时候把动词词组的介词提到关系代词之前,如:
ThisisthefactorywhichIworkedinin1997.
ThisisthefactoryinwhichIworkedinin1997.
Thisisthesongwhichhealwayslistensto.
Thisisthesongtowhichhealwayslistensto.
(7)关系代词
关系代词who,which,that的考点:
Iknowthegirl.ThegirlworksinIBM.
Iknowthegirlwho/thatworksinIBM.
Theoldmanisafamousartist.Wevisitedtheoldmanyesterday.
Theoldmanwho/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.
ThelaptopismadebyDELL.Iboughtthelaptoplastweek.
Thelaptopwhich/thatIboughtlastweekismadebyDELL.
先行词为以下情况,关系代词必须用that:
1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰:
Heisthehardest-workingstudentthatIhaveevertaught.
2.先行词被序数词修饰:
Heisthefirstmanthatfinishedtheworkontime.
3.先行词被only,just,thesame,next等词修饰:
ThisistheonlydictionarythatIhaveathand.
4.先行词本身为不定代词:
IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
5.先行词中既包含人又包含物:
Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.
6.正式用法中,先行词是动物的时候
Wehavetoprotectwhalesandsharksthatarebeingthreatenedbydeath.
(8)主谓一致
1.and的用法
and连接并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
BothheandIareright.
Mr.BlackandMrs.BlackhaveasoncalledTom.
但并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数,例如:
Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.
Thepoetandwriterhascome.
当连接的是两个不可分的东西时,谓语动词用单数,例如:
Whiskyandsodaismyfavoritedrink.
Breadandbutterismyfavoritesnack.
由and连接的并列主语中如果有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
例如:
Everyboyandeverygirlhasadictionaryathand.
Eachmanandeachwomanhasadancingpartnerattheparty.
Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.
2.就近原则:
not…but…,notonly…butalso…,either……or,…,neither……nor…,therebe…,here…
以上词语连接两个主语时,以离动词最近的主语形式为准,如:
EitherMr.Smithorhiswifeandsonshavetofacethedifficulties.
Therearefourteenchairsandawhiteboardinthemeetingroom.
经典试题:
Oneormorepagesaremissing.
TheheadmasterorIamgoingtohandoutthepapers.
3.就远原则:
with,alongwith,togetherwith,including,except,but,besides,ratherthan,insteadof
以上词语连接两个主语时,以离动词远的主语形式为准,如:
Thelibraryincluding5,000bookswasburntdownlastnight.
Theteacherratherthanthestudentswaswrong.
4.集合名词:
Family,class,group,team,crew,committee,等
如以上名词作主语时,如果指一个整体,谓语动词就是单数;如果指成员时,谓语动词用复数,如:
Theclassismadeupof40students.
5.单独的动名词,不定式,从句,时间,金钱,距离,学科,疾病,组织(专有名词)做主语时,谓语动词用单数,如;
Swimmingisgoodforyou.
Fiftydollarsistoomuchforme.
Fathergavemeadictionaryasabirthdaygift,whichmakesmeexcited.
Physicsisreallydifficultformetolearn.
(9)名词性从句
1、主语从句
1.主语从句必须有引导词,如果主语从句中从句表陈述,则一定用that引导。
这里that无实际意义,类似于古代汉语中的“之”用来取消句子独立性。
如:
Thathewaslatemademeangry.
2.当主语从句表示不确定的“是否”选择关系时,则只能用whether引导而不用if。
如:
Whetherhewillgoabroadisnotdecidedyet!
3.当主语从句表示疑问时,用相应的疑问句加陈述句加陈述语序的句式,此时绝不能再加that.如:
Whenhewillcomeherewillbeannouncedin20minutes.
二、宾语从句
1.当主句谓语动词为think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine,guess等词时,如果宾语从句是否定含义,则否定前移。
如:
Idon’tbelieveheisathief.而不能说成Ibelieveheisnotathief.
2.在含宾语从句的复合句中,如果就宾语从句中的成分提问、疑问句放在主句前(know做主句谓语动词时除外),主句变疑问语序,而宾语从句仍用陈述语序。
如:
Whendoyouthinktheyshouldputtheirbikes
Doyouknowwheretheyshouldputtheirbikes
3.whether与if的区别
(1)引导让步状语时只用whether.如:
Whetheritrainsornot,youmustgotoschool.
(2)表语从句或同谓语从句中只能用whether
如:
Theproblemwhetherhewillbekilledwillbediscussed.
(3)与不定式或ornot连用时,应用whether引导。
如:
Idon’tknowwhethertodoitornot.
三、几组重要的连接成分
1.who/whoever,what/whatever的区别
一般说来,what/who含特指意义,意为“什么/谁;而whatever/whoever含泛指意义,意为”无论什么/无论谁“。
如:
Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_____heorshewants.
A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever
2.where,when,why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。
where.,when,why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句,使用的关键是:
这个词必
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