论文格式含标准封面.docx
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论文格式含标准封面.docx
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论文格式含标准封面
No.
赣南医学院本科毕业论文
TheGraduationThesisofUndergraduatesofGannanMedicalUniversity
(题目黑体二号)(英文题目)
院系:
人文社会科学学院外语系
专业:
英语
年级:
2006
姓名:
楷体三号
学号:
指导教师:
二0一0年五月日
赣南医学院
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Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….i
摘要……………………………………………………….……….………..ii
I.Introduction……………………………………………………………...………..1
II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor……………………………...………...2
2.1AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric……………..……….2
2.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical……………….…………….5
2.3TheStudyofMetaphorfromthe20thCenturytothePresent……………….…..6
III.OnSimilarity……………………………………………………………………7
3.1Similarity:
AFundamentalCriterionfortheClassificationofMetaphor………..7
3.2SimilarityandCulture………………………………………………………….9
3.3SimilarityandCategory………………………….……………………………10
3.4TheRelationshipBetweenSimilarityandKnowledge……………………….13
IV.OntheMechanismofMetaphor…………………………….………………...15
4.1Black’sInteractionTheory………………………………………....................15
4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory…………………………………...15
4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory…………………………………16
4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory……………………………………...19
4.2.1ThePhilosophicalBasisofLakoffianTheory…………………………...19
4.2.2LakoffianTheoryontheMechanismofMetaphor………………………21
4.2.3TheDeficienciesofLakoffianTheoryinExpoundingtheCreationofSimilarity………………….……………………………………………...26
4.3ConceptualIntegrationTheory……………………………………………….29
4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory……………...…....29
4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces……………….………………...……………..29
4.3.1.2ThreeProcessesofBT………………..……………..……………..33
4.3.1.3OptimalityPrinciplesofBT………….…………………...……….34
4.3.2TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxoftheTwoFormerTheories…………………………………………………………………...34
4.3.2.1TheGenericMentalSpace…………………………….…...……...34
4.3.2.2TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure……..…………..…...35
4.3.2.3TheOtherAdvantagesofBT………………..…………..…………40
V.Conclusion………………………………………………….……………………42
Bibliography………………………………………………..………………………45
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………46
Abstract
Themechanismofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:
onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.(中文摘要的对应译文)
Keywords:
metaphor;collocation;terms
(注意:
关键词3-5个,字体要加粗,词与词之间用分号分开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写)
摘要
隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心。
两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。
现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式。
隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似。
因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。
在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。
(大约200字左右)
关键词:
隐喻;搭配;术语
(中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应,关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
I.Introduction
Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechanismofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle’sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian’sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordcombination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson’sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itismoreconvincingonthemechanismofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,此部分字数最少不少于300字)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
2.1AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric
AndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat“AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle”(Ortony3).(此处指引文来源:
作者页码)
InPoetics,Aristotleexpoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefinesmetaphoras“theapplicationofanaliennamebytransferenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion”(Aristotle71).Thenhegivesfourkindsofmetaphor:
Since‘lyingatanchor’isaspeciesofthegenus‘lying’,onecansay‘thereliesmyship’(genus-to-speciesmetaphor),since‘tenthousand’isaspeciesofa‘largenumber’,onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genusmetaphor).Since‘todrawaway’and‘tocleave’areeachaspeciesofthegenus‘takingaway’,onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-speciesmetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife(ibid.).(此符号ibid.意为同上,引文出处与上相同。
本例为整段引用,即blockquotation,前后空五号字一行)
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristsmakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword“iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered”(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifiesmetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandismerelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:
Thegreatestthingbyfaristohaveacommandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother;itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle72).
AsHawkswritesaboutAristotle’saccountofmetaphor:
Itisabundantlyclearthat,asanentityinitself,metaphorisregardedasadecorativeadditiontolanguage,tobeusedinspecificways,andatspecifictimesandplaces(ibid.8-9).
InRhetoric,(书名下划线)Aristotlesaysthatthebestmetaphorsarethosethatachievetheeffectofbringingthingsvividlybeforetheeyesoftheaudience.Hearguesthatthiseffectis“producedbywordswhichrefertothingsinaction”(ibid.92-93).“Thebestimageinvolvesametaphor”(ibid.96).Fromtheabovestatements,weknowthatAristotleviewsmetaphorasarhetoricaldeviceandanembellishmentoflanguage.Finallyheestablisheshistheoryonmetaphor—ComparisonTheory.Itistheearliesttheoryinthehistoryofthestudyofmetaphor.Itsmaingistis:
1Metaphorsaremattersoflanguageandnotmattersofthoughtoraction.Thereisnosuchthingasmetaphoricalthoughtoraction.
2Ametaphoroftheform“AisB”isalinguisticexpressionwhosemeaningisthesameasacorrespondinglinguisticexpressionoftheform“AislikeB,inrespectX,Y,Z…”“RespectsX,Y,Z…”characterizewhatwehavecalled“isolatedsimilarities”.
3Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan’tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&Johnson1980:
153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作,应加上出版年代以示区别)
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III.OnSimilarity
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