五夜十篇讲义.docx
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五夜十篇讲义.docx
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五夜十篇讲义
第八篇:
科学发现
第一段
1.Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.
1)Intheidealized(理想)version(状态)ofhowscienceisdone(科研)
Version(2007.2)variation
2)factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchers
3)whousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork
2.Butintheeveryday(日常)practiceofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.
discoverydiscoveryfrequentlyfollowsrouteprocess
anambiguousandcomplicated特征
theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits.(特征?
?
)
[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity
[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness
[C]logicalityandobjectivity
[D]systematicnessandregularity
3.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontext(环境,语境)ofouruniquelifeexperiences.
4.Priorknowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequent(随之,之后)actionswetake.
Priorto在…之前
AinfluenceB,CandD
B=whatweexperience
C=whatwethinkourexperiencesmean
D=thesubsequentactionswetake.
5.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation(错误的解释),error,andself-deceptionabound.Interpret
Opportunitiesabound
第二段
1.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.(科学的原型)雏形
2.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.
newlystakedminingclaims
stake(标注,打桩,赌注,重要性)
写作:
Thestakesinvolvingtheeducationhasbeenthehighestnow.
3.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.
(IT=totransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery)takes(requires)collectivescrutiny(strictinspection)andacceptance.
credibilityprocessrequires.
[A]strictinspection
[B]sharedefforts模糊替换
[C]individualwisdom
[D]persistentinnovation
4.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.
This=totransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery
5.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.
第三段
1.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.
2.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.
3.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuit(满足)theirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanying(伴随出现的,相应的,随之产生的,)technology.
4.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.
1)Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity
2)theinteraction(互动)andconfrontation(冲突)betweenshared(相同的)andcompeting(不同的)beliefs(观念)aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved(相应的,涉及到的)
3)就transformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.
33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit.
[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic
Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.
Becomespublic
ThecompanyofWENDUbecomespublic.
[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity
[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers
[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists
第四段
1.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.
2.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.
3.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplication(复制)andconfirmation(确认)ofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.
4.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.
5.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutation(推翻)byfutureresearchers.
(哪有什么可信的发现?
一直都在被质疑)
6.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.
7.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”
AlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat.
[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges
[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch
[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified
[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind
8.Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.
9.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.
(创新被接受的时候其实已经不新了)
第五段
1.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.
1)credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—
2)Thisisaprocessthatcorrespondsto(相一致)whatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.
2.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoning(推理)andeachother’sconceptions(概念)ofreason.”
Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?
[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment
[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery
[C]Evolution(过程=process)ofCredibilityinDoingScience
[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience
31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits.
[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity
[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness
[C]logicalityandobjectivity
[D]systematicnessandregularity
32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires.
[A]strictinspection
[B]sharedefforts
[C]individualwisdom
[D]persistentinnovation
33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit.
[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic
[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity
[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers
[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists
34.AlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat.
[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges
[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch
[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified
[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind
35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?
[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment
[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery
[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience
[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience
第九篇:
新的奖励
第一段
1.TheU.S.$3millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.
1)TheU.S.$3millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,
2)asAlexanderPolyakovsaid
3)whenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.
2.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.
3.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.
[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers
4.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.
5.Thesebenefactors(施主,恩公,金主,资助者,出资人)havesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentionto(让人们关注)thosewhohavesucceededinscience.
31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas_________.
[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth
[B]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes
[C]anexampleofbankers’investments
[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers
第二段
1.What’snottolike?
2.Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientists(一小撮)quotedintheNewsFeature.
3.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.
4.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotion(自我炒作)forthosebehindthem,sayscientists.=这些奖励只是有利于奖项的设立人。
32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit________.
[A]theprofit-orientedscientists
[B]thefoundersoftheawards
[C]theachievement-basedsystem
[D]peer-review-ledresearch
5.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.
6.Theycouldcementthestatusquo(现状)ofpeer-reviewedresearch.
7.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.
8.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.
第三段
1.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredas(和…一样的)thecriticism.
2.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.
第四段
1.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimate(合理的)concernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.
2.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.(新的奖励的不足!
)
3.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.(老的奖励也有不足!
)
AhaslongbeenoutgrownbyB
=BoutgrowA(B使得A不合时宜了。
)
A=theNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,
B=thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch
[B]thejointeffortofmodernresea
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