Key Terms 18611877.docx
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Key Terms 18611877.docx
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KeyTerms18611877
KeyTerms1861-1877:
TheCivilWarandReconstruction
TheCivilWar
TheCivilWarwasaterrible,bloodywarfoughtmainlyovertheissueofslavery.ItdividedthenationandresultedinthedeathofmoreAmericansthanallotherwarscombined.TheUnion,withadvantagessuchasgreaterorganizationandprosperity,eventuallywon,butnotbefore620,000Americansdiedandthousandsoffields,homes,andentiretownsweredestroyed.
Secession:
Slaveryfuelingthestates’rightsissuealongwiththelossofCongressandNorthernoppositiontothenewFugitiveSlaveLawmadetheelectionof1860thestrawthatbrokeuptheunion.ByMarch1861,Lincoln’sinnaugurationSouthCarolina,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,andTexashadseceded.
South’sadvantagesintheCivilWar:
TheConfederateStatesofAmericahadastrongadvantageinthefactthattheywerefightingadefensivewarinfamiliarterritory,butitalsohadadvantagesburieddeepwithinitsmuchstrongermilitarytradition.Southernerscamefromaruralratherthanurbanenvironmentsandthereforehadmoremenexperiencedintheuseoffirearmsandhorses.ThisallowedtheConfederacytoproduceamoreablecorpsofofficers,suchasRobertE.Lee.
TredegarIronWorks:
guidedbyJosephReidtosuccessduringatimewhentheeconomyintheNorthandSouthbegantoplungebecauseoftheirincreaseddivergence.Itbecamethenation’sfourthlargestproducerofironproducts.DuringtheCivilWarthecompanycontributedtotheConfederacycause.
North’sadvantagesintheCivilWar:
TheUnionclearlyhadmoremilitarypotentialwithitslargerpopulationof22million.Inadditiontothat,theUnionhadmoreadvantagesintermsofmaterialgoodssuchasmoneyandcredit,factoriesformanufacturingwargoods,foodproduction,mineralresources,andanestablishedrailroadsystemtotransportthesematerialresources.TheNorthincomparisonwiththeSouthintheseareasmakestheNorthseemmoreadvantageous.
FortSumter:
FortSumterisafortinCharlestonharbor,SouthCarolinaanditwasthesiteofthefirstconflictoftheCivilWaronApr.12,1861.TheConfederatesunderBeauregardbombardedthefortandwereeventuallyvictorious,butthefortwaseventuallyretakenbyUnionforcesin1865.
BullRun:
OnJuly16,GeneralMcDowellbegantomoveonConfederateGeneralBeauregardatManassasJunction.McDowellattackedBeauregard’ssoldiers,withaidfromtheforcesofJohnston,nearthebridgeoverBullRunRiveranddrovethemtotheHenryHouseHill,butJacksoncheckedtheadvanceandroutedtherawUniontroops.
MonitorandtheMerrimac:
March8,1862wasthedateoffirstnavalbattlebetweenironcladships.TheConfederateironcladfrigateMerrimachadsunktheCumberlandanddefeatedtheCongressinHamptonRoadsbutwasforcedtowithdrawMarch9afteranengagementwiththeUnion’sironcladMonitor,builtbyJohnEricsson.
Lee:
CommandingtheArmyofN.Virginia,hetooktheoffensiveinthe7DaysBattleandbeattheUnionarmyatthe2ndbattleofBullRun.LeerepulsedUnionadvancesatthebattlesofFredericksburgandChancellorsvilleandGrant’sassaultsintheWildernessCampaign.LeesurrenderedtoGrantatAppomatoxCourthouse.
Jackson:
Atthe1stbattleofBullRunJacksonearnedhisnicknamewhenheandhisbrigadestood"likeastonewall."ServingunderLee,JacksonflankedtheUnionarmytosetuptheConfederatevictoryatthesecondbattleofBullRun.AtChancellorsvilleJacksonagainflankedtheUnionarmybutwasmortallywoundedbyhisowntroops.
Grant:
In1862hecapturedFortHenryandFortDonelsoninTennessee,barelyescapeddefeatattheBattleofShilohandendedConfederatecontroloftheMississippiinVicksburg.CommandingintheWest,hethoroughlydefeatedBraggatChattanooga.HedirectedtheUnionarmyintheWildernessCampaignandhereceivedLee’ssurrender.
McClellan:
HewascriticizedforovercautionintheunsuccessfulPeninsularCampaignandremovedfromcommand.Calledonagainin1862,hecheckedLeeintheAntietamCampaign,butheallowedtheConfederatestowithdrawacrossthePotomacandwasagainremoved.Hewouldrunforpresidentin1864.
Sherman:
HefoughtintheVicksburgandChatanoogacampaignsandgeundertooktheAtlantaCampaign.HeburnedAtlantaandsetoff,withaforceof60,000,onhisfamousmarchtothesea,devastatingthecountry.AftercapturingSavannah,heturnednorththroughS.Carolina,andreceivedthesurrenderofGeneralJohnston.
Meade:
Hemadehimselfknownin1862atSevenDaysBattleandthebattlesofBullRun,Antietam,andlateratFredericksburgandChancellorsville.HecommandedoftheArmyofthePotomacfrom1863,andwonthebattleofGettysburg,buthewascriticizedfornotfollowinguphisvictory.
Vicksburg:
ItwasabattlefoughtforcontroloftheMississippiRiver.Bylate1862,theUnioncontrolledalloftheriverexceptforthe200milessouthofVicksburg.InMayof1863U.S.Grantopenedsiege,andafter6weekstheConfederatessurrendered.Vicksburg’sfallcompletedtheencirclementoftheConfederacy.
Gettysburg:
ItwasLee’ssecondinvasionoftheNorth.MeadeandLeemetjustwestofGettysburg.First,theUnionwaspushedtoCemeteryHill.ThentheSouthtookthePeachOrchardbutwererepulsed.OnJuly3LeeorderedGeorgeE.Pickett’sdivisionforwardinitsinfamousdisastrouschargeagainsttheUnioncenter.
Antietam:
InSeptember1862,tryingtoinvadeMarylandandPennsylvania,LeesentJacksontocaptureHarpersFerry,butLee’sownadvancewashaltedbyMcClellan,whoattackedhimatAntietamCreek,Maryland.,onSeptember17,theso-calledbloodiestdayofthewar.ItwasaUnionvictoryonlyinthatLee’sadvancewasstopped.
Appomattox:
ConfederateGen.RobertE.LeesurrenderedtoUnionGen.U.S.GrantatAppomattoxCourthouseonApril9,1865.ThesurrenderatAppomattoxvirtuallyendedtheCivilWar,buttherestoftheConfederateforcesdidnotsurrenderuntilMay26atShreveport,Louisiana.
JeffersonDavis:
HeleftWashingtonafterthesecessionofMississippi.AspresidentoftheConfederacy,heassumedstrongcentralizedpower,andweakenedthestates’rightspolicyforwhichtheSouthhadseceded.HehadmanydisputeswithConfederategenerals,andLeesurrenderedwithouthisapproval.
AlexanderStephens:
HewasaU.S.congressmanfromGeorgiaandwasopposedtosecessionbutheremainedloyaltoGeorgiawhenthestateseceded.HewaselectedvicepresidentoftheConfederacy,andhewasagainstmanyofthepoliciesofPresidentDavis.Afterthewarhewasinternedforseveralmonths.
Cottonversuswheat:
EffortsbytheConfederategovernmentduringtheCivilWartoconvinceplanterstogrowtowheatinsteadofcottonreceivedlittlesuccess.Whilesomeplantersheededthegovernment’spleas,manyclungtothebeliefthatcottonwouldneverfailthem.Asaresult,foodshortagesplaguedtheConfederacy.
Copperheads:
CopperheadswereNorthernerswhosympathizedwiththeSouthduringtheCivilWar.ThetermCopperheadswasalsousedtolabelallDemocraticopponentsofLincoln.ThegroupwasledbyClementL.VallandighamandwasespeciallystronginthestatesofIllinois,Indiana,andOhio.
CongressmanClementL.Vallandigham:
VallandighamwastheleaderoftheCopperheadsduringtheCivilWar.Hewasbrieflyimprisonedin1863formaintaininginaspeechthatthewarwasbeingfoughttofreeAfrican-Americanandenslavewhites.The1864Democraticplatformreflectedhispro-Southernviews.
Suspensionofhabeascorpus:
Writsofhabeascorpusarecourtordersrequiringthattheacauseofimprisonmentbedemonstratedbeforeapersonisjailed.ThisbasiccivillibertywassuspendedbybothLincolnandDavisduringthewartodealwithdissent.Lincolnusedittointimidateborderstatesintorejectingsecession.
RepublicanlegislationpassedinCongressafterSouthernersleft:
banking,tariff,homestead,railroad:
AftertheSouthseceded,northernersinCongressenactedlegislationsuchasthePacificRailroadActauthorizingatranscontinentalrailroadandtheHomesteadActgrantingfreelandinthewest.Actssuchasthesehadbeenblockedbysoutherners.
HomesteadLaws:
TheHomesteadlawswerelawspassedinCongressin1862.TheypermittedalmostanyAmericancitizentoacquireahomesteadofupto160acresoflandintheWest,ontheconditionthatthehomesteadercultivatethelandfor5years.Thisallowedpoorfarmerstoobtainlandinthewestandincreasedwestwardexpansion.
Northernblockade:
DuringtheCivilWar,thenorthattemptedtoestablishablockadeofallSouthernportsinordertostoptheflowofessentialsuppliestotheConfederacy.TheUnionnavywasfairlyweak,soatfirsttheblockadewasnotaseffectiveasnorthernershadhopeditwouldbeandblockade-runningwasacommonwayforSouthernerstoobtainsupplies
AnacondaPlan:
TheAnacondaPlanwasaUnionstrategyintheCivilWarcallingfortheestablishmentofanavalblockadearoundtheConfederacytopreventtheimportationofsuppliesfromEurope.Itwasslowlyimplementedandonlypartiallysuccessful,buttheblockadedidcontributetotheNorthernvictory.
Submarine:
FoursubmersiblevesselswerebuiltduringtheAmericanCivilWarbytheConfederatesforuseagainstthefederalfleet.Oneofthesesubmarinessuccessfullydraggedaminethroughthewatertosinkanorthernship,butsunkitselfaswell.SubmarineswereusedonlytoalimiteddegreeintheCivilWar,andtheywerefarfromperfected.
BlackSoldiers:
ItwasnotuntillateintheCivilWarthatAfricanAmericansoldierswereallowedtoparticipateincombat,andwhentheywere,theysufferedafarhighermortalityratethanwhitetroops.Despitethemanyhardshipsthatitentail
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