专题06 阅读理解环保类原卷版.docx
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专题06 阅读理解环保类原卷版.docx
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专题06阅读理解环保类原卷版
2019年高考英语母题题源系列
专题06阅读理解(环保类)
【母题来源一】【2019·北京卷,D】环保类
Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.
Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.
Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.
StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”
42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?
A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.
B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.
C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.
D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.
43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?
A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable
44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.
B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges
C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate
D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.
45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges
B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain
C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans
D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton
【母题来源二】【2019·天津卷,C】环保类
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______
A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewprey
C.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace
48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?
A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
【母题来源三】【2019·浙江卷,C】、
Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).
Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.
Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).
ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.
Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).
Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.
27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.
B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.
C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.
D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.
28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?
A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.
C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.Firecontrolmeasures.
29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?
A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.
C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.
30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.California'sForests:
WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?
B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoon
C.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?
D.PatrickMclntyre:
GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia
【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲,考查学生运用英语的能力,具体地说,就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】
"人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题,生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。
在命题方面有以下趋势:
|1.题材:
强调人与自然和谐发展。
2.选材:
关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。
3.命题:
形式多样,突出整体理解,合理推断。
【得分要点】1.应试生态环保类题目时,在理解文章的基础上,要重点突破
归纳主旨大意技能,因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。
那么,怎样归纳主旨大意?
(1)寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是:
找出每小段的主题句。
主题句通常有这样的特点:
①有一个话题(topic);②有阐述控制性概念(controllingidea)偶尔也可在一段中间;③有的文章无明显主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。
这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。
(2)寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。
应观察全文的结构安排,理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”,考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的,分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。
(3)典型错误:
①忽视文章的结构;②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别;③忽视文章表意的倾向性;④漏掉了主要的特征词。
2.怎样正确推理判断
推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,并作出正确的推理和判断。
(1)数据推断题
解答此类题,关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息,然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上,运用自己的数学知识,对其进行分析、推算,从而得出正确的结论。
(2)知识推断题
根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。
(3)逻辑结论推断题
根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料,不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实,然后按题意要求进行推断。
(4)对作者态度、倾向的推断题
作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中,因此,在推断过星中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞。
【母题1】【湖南省长沙市雅礼
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