GREISSUE主体段结束段精.docx
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GREISSUE主体段结束段精.docx
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GREISSUE主体段结束段精
主体段写作
主题句
1.整段话的中心
2.直接支持全文主题
3.宽窄适度,不能言之不尽,也不能无话可说。
(要有导向性)
4.主题句必须符合日常逻辑主题句的扩展
Donottell,butshow.
1.causeandeffect
arisefrom
stemfrom
Manyfactorscontributetothisphenomenon,amongwhichoneessentialfactoristhat____________,
Thisfollowsthat________.
Consequently,_______.
Accordingly,_______.
Thus,_____________.
2.对比比较法
_A_______;__B__________.
Cowardsdieonehundredtimesbeforetheirdeaths;thevaliantnevertasteofdeathbutonce.
__A__________,whereas_B_______.
Thosewholovebeautifulthingsaredeeplyasleepwhereasthosewholovebeautyarewildlyawake.
__A____________,while_B______.
TheAmericaneducationalparadigmemphasizesreasoningandlogic,whiletheChineseeducationalstyleemphasizestheabilityofmemorizing.
__A__________,inviolentcontrastwithB,which/who___.
_____________________
____________________
Bycontrast/Incontrast/Bycomparison/Onthecontrary,______________.______.
Socrates/Plato/Aristotle
3.类比法
Ourbodiesarethegardenstowhichourwillsaregardeners.
__________________.___________.(简单的事例).
Likewise/Similarly/Inlikemanner/Bythesametoken,_________.(复杂的,自己要论证的话题。
)
__________________(复杂的要论证的话题).Thisissimilartothesituationof___,where_____________________.
4.数据论证/调查论证
____________,whichisunderlined/testified/substantiatedbyarecentsurvey,indicatingthat_________________.
Accordingtoarecentsurvey,_________.
Theresultofarecentsurveyrevealsthat_______________/lendsastrongsupporttotheclaimthat_____________.
5.举例法
普通人事例
名人名事
literature:
WilliamShakespeare:
Renaissance/Humanity;humanistmethod/
Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirableinaction,howlikeanangelinapprehension,howlikeagod!
GeorgeOrwell-1984
bigbrothertotalitarianism
thoughtpolice/censorship
PoliticsandEnglishLanguage
WilliamFaulkner福克纳
Ibelievethatmanwillnotmerelyendure:
hewillprevail.Heisimmortal,notbecausehealoneamongcreatureshasaninexhaustiblevoice,butbecausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassionandsacrificeandendurance.
Freud:
Conscious/unconscious(libido)
OedipusComplex
Maslow-Hierarchyofneeds
Behaviorism
stimulus-response-reward–habit
mentalism
intellectuals
BertrandRussell:
HowtoGrowOld
WhatIHaveLivedfor
TheProblemofChina
NoamChomsky:
linguist
乔姆斯基
speakthetruthandunveiltheliesofthegovernment
Responsibilitiesofintellectuals
Chomsky:
IdeasandIdeals(NeilSmith)
Socrates/Plato/Aristotle
Knowthyself
Academy
Socraticdialectic:
allthetruthcanonlybegainedthroughdialogues;themoreyoudiscusswithothers,thecloseryouaretotruth.
Platoisdeartome;butstilldeareristruth.
deduction/deductivemethod
induction/inductivemethod
scholar
manofletters
talent
psychoanalysis
假设事例
If_______
Imagine_____.
Assume______.
Suppose,forexample,______.
_________,whichcanbeexemplifiedbythecaseof_____.
Numerousscholarscouldbecitedtoexplainthisclaimand______isacaseinpoint.
Whilesuchcasesarerare,theydooccuroccasionallyandshedmanylightsonourunderstandingof_____.
Atypicalillustrationinvolves_____.
Toillustratethispoint,letusconsiderthecaseof_______.
6.名言谚语例证
(1)如果名言比较晦涩,应该解释(解释要有倾向性,论证自己
观点)
(2)明确说明名言论证了自己的观点。
______自己的观点________,whichisinlinewiththeremark
ofXX,____:
___(名言)_____.
AccordingtoXX,____,___________(名言).
XXisrightinsayingthat___________(名言).
Asaproverbgoes,_________(谚语)
Thisisanotherwayofsayingthat___(解释名人名言)__.
Thisremark,insightfulandthoughtprovoking,indicatesthat
___(解释)______.
结尾句:
Thus/Therefore/Consequently/Hence,____.
Thisindicatesthat___________.
Thislendssufficientsupporttotheviewthat_____________.
cohesion&coherence
段落内部和段落之间的衔接手段
cohesive&coherent
并列:
Foronething/Foranother
Ontheonehand/Ontheotherhand
递进:
Moreover/Inaddition/Ontopofthat/Furthermore
转折:
However/Nevertheless/But/Yet
类比:
Likewise/similarly/Inlikemanner/Analogously
因果:
Thus/Hence/therefore/consequently/accordingly/Adirectresultwillbethat________.Followingthis,
____.stem/arisefrom________
让步:
havingsaidthat
thatsaid/thatbeingsaid,_____
分论点发展
分层次:
individual/society/government/global(international)
分情况:
a.两分法:
适度/过度(极端)(危害:
采取措施/怎么办)
物质/精神(感性/理性)
主要矛盾/次要矛盾main/chief/major
individual/society/government国家
b.分不同情况考虑
分领域:
文化/教育/经济/历史/学术/科技/商业/政治/法律/媒体/个人行为
p47/
段落之间的承上启下句型
Inadditiontosuchfactorsas___and___,anothernoteworthyelementisthat______.
Notonly______,butalso_______.
Itis,inasense,notdifficulttofathomtheabovedimensionssuchas___and____,butonefactor,althoughsignificantly
noteworthy,mayescapeourattention:
_________.
Althoughitistruethat_________,_______.
While___________,anoverextensionofthisclaimmaygiverisetosomepotentialrisks.
Theabove____issignificantonlywhentheyareunderthecontrolof_____,andwhenitisoutofthecontrol,some
potentialrisksmayarise.
Despite/Notwithstandingtheabove____,therearesomeundercurrentsof____,if____________.
段落之间的承上启下句型
Inadditiontosuchfactorsas___and___,anothernoteworthyelementisthat______.
Notonly______,butalso_______.
Itis,inasense,notdifficulttofathomtheabovedimensionssuchas___and____,butonefactor,althoughsignificantly
noteworthy,mayescapeourattention:
_________.
Althoughitistruethat_________,_______.
While___________,anoverextensionofthisclaimmaygiverisetosomepotentialrisks.
Theabove____issignificantonlywhentheyareunderthecontrolof_____,andwhenitisoutofthecontrol,some
potentialrisksmayarise.
Despite/Notwithstandingtheabove____,therearesomeundercurrentsof____,if____________.
结尾段
要点:
立场+论据
1。
以对issue原文的评价为基点
a.以反对为主的结尾
思路:
再次扼要指出原话中的错误;总结自己全文的论据,得出结论。
Insum,thespeakeroverlookssomeessentialelementsandjumpstoahastyconclusionthat________.Ascrutinyof
theissuerevealsthatsuchfactorsas____,____and____shouldalsobetakenintoaccount,whichthenleadstoamore
rationalcorollarythat________.
Toconclude,aclaimabout___thatignores______ismisconceived.Inthefinalanalysis,arationalunderstandingof___shouldbebasedonabroaderperspectivewhichembracessuchkeyselementsas______,____and__________._________(承认issue中有道理的成分),but_________(自己的观点)
Itisfairlyclearthatthespeakerfailstorecognizethat______________.
Therefore,although______________(issue中有道理的地方),oneshouldneverturnablindeyetosuchkeyfactorsas___,____,and____,foronlywiththemcanafullpictureof___behopefullypresented.
b.以赞成为主的结尾
思路:
issue中有道理的地方,并给出自己正文的论据。
指出还需要考虑的地方。
Tosumup,theaboveanalysisof_____supportstheassertionofthespeakerthat__________.Thatbeingsaid,anoverextensionofthisconclusionshouldbeprevented,orsomepotentialdangerssuchas_____mayoccur,thusunderminingtherationalityoftheassertion.
Overall,theassertionthat_________isfirmlygrounded,whichshedsmanylightson__________.Whilethisclaimisappreciated,italsoshouldbenotedthatsomeextremesituationssuchas____mayleadtoitspotentialvulnerability.Arationalperspective,then,istoembracethemajorpointsoftheassertionontheonehand,andtoresisttheseeminglyminorbutpotentiallyharmfulextremesituationsontheotherhand.
2.直接总结全文的论据和立场。
a.先立场,后论据。
Theaboveanalysisthusleadstotheconclusionthat__________________,because_______________________.
Toconclude,acorollaryoftheabove
analysisisthat______________.
_________________.(论据).
b.先论据后立场
Thevexedissueslike_____inexorably/invariablyinvolvemulti-dimensions.Asfaras____isconcerned,aseriesofperspectives,suchas___,____and______,havetobetaken,whichleadtotheconclusionthat_______.Thatbeingsaid,thescenariothat_____,althoughseeminglyrare,shouldalsobeconsidered,sothatamorerationalunderstandingof___canbearrivedat.
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