考研英语真题及答案完整版.docx

考研英语真题及答案完整版.docx

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考研英语真题及答案完整版

2018年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）

Directions:

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

　　Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition

（1）manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour

（2）,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh（3）.

　　（4）,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.（5）peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat（6）pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto（7）withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure（8）thishormoneputsusinatrusting（9）:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir（10）whoinhaledsomethingelse.

　　（11）forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay（12）us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate（13）acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach（14）toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?

”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!

”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook（15）.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf（16）thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad（17）them.

　　Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere（18）tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.（19）,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“（20）”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

      1.A．on                 B．like              C．for                 D．from

      2. A．faith               B．concern       C．attention       D．interest

      3.A．benefit           B．debt            C．hope               D．price

      4.A．Therefore        B．Then           C．Instead           D．Again

      5.A．Until               B．Unless         C．Although        D．When

      6.A．selects             B．produces    C．applies           D．maintains

      7.A．consult           B．compete      C．connect          D．compare

      8.A．at                    B．by               C．of                     D．to

      9.A．context            B．mood          C．period            D．circle

     10. A．counterparts B．substitutes  C．colleagues      D．supporters

     11.A．Funny             B．Lucky          C．Odd                D．Ironic

     12.A．monitor          B．protect        C．surprise          D．delight

     13. A．between        B．within          C．toward           D．over

     14.A．transferred    B．added          C．introduced      D．entrusted

     15.A．out                B．back            C．around             D．inside

     16. A．discovered    B．proved        C．insisted           D．remembered

     17.A．betrayed       B．wronged      C．fooled              D．mocked

     18.A．forced            B．willing         C．hesitant           D．entitled

     19. A．Incontrast    B．Asaresult   C．Onthewhole  D．Forinstance

     20.A．inflexible       B．incapable      C．unreliable       D．unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

　　Text1

　　Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

　　Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

　　Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

　　Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

　　ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

       Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:

Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

　　Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.

　　Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

     21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

  A．Leadingpoliticians.

     B．Low-wagelaborers.

     C．Robotowners.

     D．Middle-classworkers.

     答案D

     22. Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?

  A．Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

     B．Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

     C．Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled

     D．Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

      答案C

     23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_____.

  A．creativepotential.

     B．job-huntingskills.

     C．individualneeds.

     D．cooperativespirit.

     答案A

    24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat_____.

  A．encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

     B．increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

     C．easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

      D．preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

     答案D

 25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_____.

 A．pposingviewsonit.

 B．possiblesolutionstoit.

 C．itsalarmingimpacts.

 D．itsmajorvariations.

 答案B

Text2

　　AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.

　　MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

　　Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

　　Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

　　Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

　　Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweeting