不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx
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不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx
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不定式THEINFINITIVE
THEINFINITIVE
1.Form
Theinfinitiveisthebaseformofaverb.Itmaybeprecededby'to'(the to-infinitive) orstandalone(the baseorzeroinfinitive).
2.Infinitivewithorwithout'to'
Theto-infinitiveisused:
∙aftercertainverbs.e.g. want,wish,agree,fail,mean,decide,learn
∙aftertheauxiliaries tobeto, tohaveto,and oughtto
∙inthepattern'itis+adjective+ to-infinitive'
Examples
with'to'
∙Theelephant decided tomarry themouse
∙Themouse agreed tomarry theelephant
∙You willhave toask her
∙You are toleave immediately
∙He ought torelax
∙She has togo toBerlinnextweek
∙It'seasy tospeak English
∙Itishard tochange jobsaftertwentyyears
∙It'sstupid tobelieve everythingyouhear
without'to'
∙I wouldrather visit Rome.
∙She wouldrather live inItaly.
∙Wouldyourather eat steakorfish?
∙He wouldrather work inabank.
∙I'drather be aforestthanatree.
THEZEROINFINITIVE
Thezeroinfinitiveisused:
1.aftermostauxiliaries (e.g. must, can, should, may, might)
2.afterverbsofperception,(e.g. see, hear, feel) withthepattern verb+object+zeroinfinitive
3.aftertheverbs 'make' and 'let',withthepattern make/let+object+zeroinfinitive
4.aftertheexpression 'hadbetter'
5.aftertheexpression 'wouldrather' whenreferringtothespeaker's own actions
Examples:
Afterauxiliaries:
∙She can't speak toyou.
∙He should give hersomemoney.
∙Shall I talk tohim?
∙Would you like acupofcoffee?
∙I might stay anothernightinthehotel.
∙They must leave before10.00a.m.
Afterverbsofperception:
∙He saw her fall fromthecliff.
∙We heard them close thedoor.
∙They saw us walk towardthelake.
∙She felt thespider crawl upherleg.
Aftertheverbs'make'and'let':
∙Herparents let her stay outlate.
∙Let's go tothecinematonight.
∙You made me love you.
∙Don't make me study thatboringgrammarbook!
NOTICE thatthe 'to-infinitive' isusedwhen 'make' isinthepassivevoice:
∙I ammadetosweep theflooreveryday.
∙She wasmadetoeat fisheventhoughshehatedit.
After'hadbetter':
∙We hadbetter take somewarmclothing.
∙She hadbetter ask himnottocome.
∙You'dbetter not smile atacrocodile!
∙We hadbetter reserve aroominthehotel.
∙You'dbetter give meyouraddress.
∙They hadbetter work harder ontheirgrammar!
After 'wouldrather':
Note:
thisis ONLY whenreferringtothespeaker'sownactions-see 'wouldrather' insectionon Unrealpast.
THEINFINITIVE
NEGATIVEINFINITIVE
Toformthenegativeinfinitive,place not beforethe to- or zeroinfinitive:
e.g. nottoworry:
It'shard nottoworry aboutexams.
Examples
∙Idecided nottogo toLondon.
∙Heaskedme nottobe late.
∙Elephantsought nottomarry mice.
∙You'dbetter notsmile atthecrocodile.
∙I'drather noteat meat.
THEINFINITIVE
INFINITIVEAFTERQUESTIONWORDS
Theseverbs:
ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, understand, canbefollowedbyaquestionwordsuchas where, how, what, who, when or 'whether' +the'to-infinitive'.
Examples
∙Sheaskedme how tousethewashingmachine.
∙Doyouunderstand what todo?
∙Tellme when topressthebutton.
∙I'veforgotten where toputthislittlescrew.
∙Ican'tdecide whether towearthereddressortheblackone.
Thequestionword Why isfollowedbythe zeroinfinitive insuggestions:
Examples
∙Whywait untiltomorrow?
∙Whynotask himnow?
∙Whywalk whenwecangointhecar?
∙Whynotbuy anewbedforyourbedroom?
∙Whyleave beforetheendofthegame?
∙Whynotspend aweekinBeirutandaweekinBaghdad?
THEINFINITIVE
FUNCTION
Themostcommonusesoftheinfinitiveare:
Toindicatethepurposeorintentionofanaction(wherethe 'to' hasthesamemeaningas 'inorderto' or 'soasto'):
∙She'sgonetocollectherpaycheque.
∙Thethreebearswentintotheforesttofindfirewood.
Asthesubjectofthesentence:
∙Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.
∙Toknowheristoloveher.
(Note:
thisismorecommoninwrittenEnglishthanspoken)
Withnounsorpronouns,toindicatewhatsomethingcanbeusedfor,orwhatistobedonewithit:
∙Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?
∙Ihaven'tanythingtowear.
∙Thechildrenneedagardentoplayin.
Afteradjectivesinthesepatterns:
∙Itis+adjective+to-infinitive
Itisgoodtotalk
∙Itis+adjective+infinitive+forsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itishardforelephantstoseemice
∙Itis+adjective+infintive+ofsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itisunkindofhertosaythat.
Afteranadjective+nounwhenacommentorjudgementisbeingmade:
∙Itwasastupidplacetoparkthecar.
∙Thisistherightthingtodo.
∙Itwasanastonishingwaytobehave.
Withtooandenoughinthesepatterns:
toomuch/many(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙There'stoomuchsugartoputinthisbowl.
∙Ihadtoomanybookstocarry.
too+adjective+to-infinitive
∙Thissoupistoohottoeat.
∙Shewastootiredtowork.
too+adverb+to-infinitive
∙Hearrivedtoolatetoseetheactors.
enough(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙I'vehadenough(food)toeat.
adjective+enough+to-infinitive
∙She'soldenoughtomakeupherownmind.
notenough(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙Thereisn'tenoughsnowtoskion.
not+adjective+enough+to-infinitive
∙You'renotoldenoughtohavegrand-children!
THEINFINITIVE
OTHERFORMS
Theinfinitivecanhavethefollowingforms:
∙Theperfectinfinitive
∙Thecontinuousinfinitive
∙Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive
∙Thepassiveinfinitive
NOTE:
aswiththepresentinfinitive,therearesituationswherethe to isomitted,e.g.aftermostmodalauxiliaries.
Theperfectinfinitive:
tohave+pastparticiple,e.g.tohavebroken,tohaveseen,tohavesaved.
ThisformismostcommonlyfoundinType3conditionalsentences,usingtheconditionalperfect,e.g.IfIhadknownyouwerecomingIwouldhavebakedacake.
Examples
∙Someonemusthavebrokenthewindowandclimbedin.
∙IwouldliketohaveseentheTajMahalwhenIwasinIndia.
∙Hepretendedtohaveseenthefilm.
∙IfI'dseentheballIwouldhavecaughtit.
Thecontinuousinfinitive:
tobe+presentparticiple,e.g.tobeswimming,tobejoking,tobewaiting
Examples
∙I'dreallyliketobeswimminginanicecoolpoolrightnow.
∙Youmustbejoking!
∙Ihappenedtobewaitingforthebuswhentheaccidenthappened.
Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive:
tohavebeen+presentparticiple
Examples
∙tohavebeencrying
∙tohavebeenwaiting
∙tohavebeenpainting
∙Thewomanseemedtohavebeencrying.
∙Youmusthavebeenwaitingforhours!
∙Hepretendedtohavebeenpaintingallday.
Thepassiveinfinitive:
tobe+pastparticiple,e.g.tobegiven,tobeshut,tobeopened
Examples
∙Iamexpectingtobegivenapay-risenextmonth.
∙Thesedoorsshouldbeshut.
∙Thiswindowoughttobeopened.
THEINFINITIVE
VERBSNORMALLYFOLLOWEDBYTHEINFINITIVE
A. The to-infinitive isusedaftertheverbsinthisgroup, without aprecedingnoun.Theverbsmarked * canalsobefollowedbya 'that-clause'
Example:
VERB
TO-INFINITIVE
Ihope...
toseeyounextweek.
THAT-CLAUSE
Ihope...
thatI'llseeyounextweek
Listofverbsnormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive
afford
agree1
aim
appear1
arrange1
bother
care
claim1
condescend
consent
decide1
demand1
determine1
endeavour
fail
guarantee1
happen 1
hasten
have(=beobliged)
hesitate
hope1
learn
long
manage
offer
prepare
pretend1
proceed
promise1
propose
prove(=turnout)
refuseresolve1
seek
seem1
strive
swear1
tend
threaten1
trouble
undertake
volunteer
vow1
1 Theseverbscanonlybefollowedbya 'that-clause' whentheyhavethesubject 'it'.
Example
∙Itappearedthatno-onehadlockedthedoor.
Examples:
∙Heclaimedtobeanexpert.
∙Imanagedtoreachthetopofthehill.
∙Iknowyou'reonlypretendingtoloveme!
∙Don'tpretendthatyouknowtheanswer.
∙Shefailedtoexplaintheproblemclearly.
∙Thecustomsmandemandedtosearchourluggage.
∙Ican'taffordtogoouttonight.
VERBSNORMALLYFOLLOWEDBYTHEINFINITIVE
B. Thesearethemostcommonoftheverbsthatarenormallyfollowedbyanoun+infinitive.Theverbsmarked * mayalsobefollowedbya 'that-clause'.
Example
VERB
NOUN
INFINITIVE
Hereminded
me
tobuysomeeggs.
THAT-CLAUSE
Hereminded
me
thatIhadtobuysomeeggs.
accustom
aid
appoint
assist
cause
challenge
command*
defy
direct*
drive
empower
enable
encourage
entice
entitle
entreat
force
get
implore*
incite
induce
inspire
instruct*
invite
lead
leave(makesomeoneresponsible)
oblige
order*
persuade*
press
prompt
provoke
remind*
require*
stimulate
summon
teach
tell
tempt
trust*
warn*
Notes:
*command,direct,entreat,implore,order,require,trust:
thereisnonounbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':
∙Thegeneralcommandedhismentosurrender.
∙Thegeneralcommandedthathismenshouldsurrender.
persuadeandremind:
thereisalwaysanounbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':
∙Youcan'tpersuadepeopletobuysmallcars.
∙Youcan'tpersuadepeoplethatsmallcarsarebetter.
instruct,teach,warn:
thenounisoptionalbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':
∙Shetaughtherstudentstoappreciatepoetry.
∙Shetaughtherstudentsthatpoetrywasvaluable.
∙Shetaughtthatpoetrywasvaluable.
Examples
∙Theprofessorchallengedhisstudentstoarguewithhistheory.
∙Thislawempowersthegovernmenttochargemoretaxes.
∙Youcan'tforcemetodosomethingIdon'tagreewith.
∙YouareobligedtodriveontheleftinEngland.
∙Iinvitedthenewstudenttohavedinnerwithme.
∙Whati
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