高考英语阅读理解科普环保试题经典.docx
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高考英语阅读理解科普环保试题经典.docx
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高考英语阅读理解科普环保试题经典
高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)试题经典
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1.犇犇阅读短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
Asharkmovingaroundthecoastlineisnormallyaworryingsight,butthiswaterbornedrone(无人机)threatensfloatingrubbishinsteadofpeople.
DevelopedbyDutchcompanyRanMarine,theWasteSharktakesnatureasitsinspirationwithitswhaleshark-likemouth.Responsibleforcollectingwaste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDubaiMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpartnerEcocoast.
AccordingtoRanMarine,theWasteSharkisavailableinbothautonomousandremote-controlledmodels.Measuringjustoverfivefeetbythree-and-a-halffeet(1.5metersby1.1meter),itcancarryupto352poundsofrubbish(159.6kg)andhasanoperationalbatterylifeof16hours.
By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepaperfromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionwasafloat.
"WasteSharkalsohastheabilitiestogatherairandwaterqualitydata,removechemicalsoutofthewatersuchasoil,andheavymetals,andscantheseabedtoreaditsdepthandoutlines,"saidOliverCunningham,oneoftheco-foundersofRanMarine."Fittedwithacollision-avoidancesystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches."
"Ourdronesaredesignedtomovethroughawatersystem,whetherit'saroundtheperimeter(周边)orthroughthecityitself.Thedronesarethatlastlineofdefensebetweenthecityandtheopenocean,"addedCunningham."WasteSharksareoperatinginDubai,SouthAfricaandtheNetherlandsandcost$17,000fortheremote-controlledmodelandjustunder$23,000fortheautonomousmodel."
Dubai-basedoperatorEcocoasthastwoWasteSharkdrones.Co-founderDanaLipartssaystheywillcleanwaterfrontsforclientsincludinghotelsandenvironmentalauthoritiesandthatEcocoast'intentionistohavethecollectedrubbishrecycledorupcycled.However,Lipartsarguesthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-allsolutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowardslittering.
(1)WhatdoweknowabouttheWasteShark?
A. Itcanfrightensharksaway.
B. Itisanoceanexplorer.
C. Itisarubbishcollector.
D. Itcancatchfishinsteadofpeople.
(2)WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytellus?
A. Thecausesofoceanpollution.
B. Thedangersofusingplastics.
C. Theseverityofoceangarbagepollution.
D. Theimportanceofoceanprotection.
(3)WhatwilltheWasteSharkdowithanapproachingobject?
A. Avoidcrashingintoit.
B. Breakitintopieces.
C. Swallowit.
D. Flyoverit.
(4)WhichofthefollowingideasdoesLipartsagreewith?
A. TheWasteSharkshouldbeusedmorewidely.
B. Moremeasuresshouldbetakentomakewaterclean.
C. TheproductioncostofWasteSharksshouldbereduced.
D. Peopleshouldtakeapositiveattitudetonewtechnology.
【答案】
(1)C
(2)C
(3)A
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Responsibleforcollectingwaste,thedronewillbeginoperationsinDubaiMarinainNovemberafterayearoftrialswithlocalpartnerEcocoast.”可知,这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的,故选C。
(2)考查段落大意。
根据第四段中的“By2016therewereapproximately150milliontonsofplasticintheworld'soceans.OnepaperfromDecember2014estimatedthatoveraquarterofamilliontonsofoceanplasticpollutionwasafloat.”可知,预计到2016年,海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾,估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上,故可知,本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性,故选C。
(3)考查细节理解。
根据第五段中的"Fittedwithacollision-avoidancesystem,thedroneuseslaserimagingdetectionandrangingtechnologytodetectanobjectinitspathandstoporbackupiftheobjectapproaches."可知,配备防碰撞系统,无人机使用激光来探测物体,用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体,如果探测到物体,无人机就会停下来或者后退,故选A。
(4)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“However,Lipartsarguesthatcleaningwaterwaysdoesn'thaveaone-size-fits-allsolutionandrequiresacombinationofnewtechnology,preventativemeasuresandchangingpeople'sattitudestowardslittering.”可知,这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策,需要多措并举,才能达到目的,故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科教类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理,概括归纳,从而选出正确答案。
2.犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.
Whilefakingandfiercelooksareamonganimalsgreatdefenses,manyspeciesknowthateveryonerunsfromabigstink(臭气)too.
Vulture(秃鸳)
Vultures,arestreetsweepersthatfeastontherottingfleshofdeadanimals,whichbenefitsusbyriddingourhighwaysandlandscapesofanimalbodiesandthebacteriatheymightcarry.Whenvulturesfeelthreatenedtheyvomit,andthesmellofvomited-ondeadbodiesputsofmostpredators.Throwingupallowsthevulturetoflyawaymorequickly-andthevomitcanhurttheaggressor'seyesandface.
Opossum(负鼠)
Insomewaysopossumshaveiteasy.Inordertobecome"dead",theydon'thavetofaxanyoneadeathcertificate.Theyjustlietherewiththeirtongueshangingoutwiththesmellofdeadflesh,sometimesforhours,effectivelyconvincingpotentialpredatorstheycanfindamuchfreshermealelsewhere.Eveniftheykeepgettingattacked,theywon'tmoveanymorethanahumanstatueuntilthethreathaspassed.
Hoatzin(磨雉)
Holdyournoseandmeetthehoatzin,abirdofdistinctions,nottheleastofwhichisthatitsmellslikefreshcowshit.Theanimalmostlyeatsleavesandit'stheonlybirdknowntodigestbyfermentation,likeacow.Thisprocessiswhatcausesitssmellandhasearneditthenicknamethe"stinkbird
Millipedes(千足虫)
Millipedesaretricky.Forstarterstheylookwormy.Theirnameisdeceptive,too:
Theirlegsnumberabout750.Theirmajordefenseistocurlupintoaball.They,though,alsoreleaseaharmeyes,andleaveahorriblesmellontheirattackers.
SeaHare(海兔)
Thegracefulseahareisplainintasteinthefirstplace,soit'snotthemostpopulardishintheseafoodchain.Nonethelessthistypeofseacreaturehasaprettycreativesmell-relateddefensethatisalmosttheoppositeofitssmellycompanionsonthislist.Theseaharegivesoutaslimy,purpleink,thesubstancewhichmakesfoodlesspalatabletopredators.
Researchersusinglobsters(2-f)asmodelpredatorsfoundthattheseablocksthelobstersreceptivemechanism.Inotherwords,theseaharegivesitsattackertheequivalentofastuffynosesotheydon'tknowhowappealingitis.
(1)Theseaharedefendsitselffrompredatorsby________.
A. becomingplainintasteatthediscoveryofapredator
B. givingoutpurpleinktomakeitselfinvisibletopredators
C. releasingsubstancetomakepredatorsunabletosmellit
D. givingoffsmellygastotrytodrivepredatorsaway
(2)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?
A. Thevulturecarriesbacteriasothatpredatorsdarenotgetclosetoit.
B. Theopossumfakesitsdeathtoavoidbeingtargetedbypredators.
C. Thehoatzineatscowshitsothatitisnick-namedas"stinkbird".
D. Thegasreleasedbymillipedewasbasicallyharmless.
(3)Thespeciesthatenjoysmorethanonedefensemechanismis________.
A. vulture
B. opossum
C. millipede
D. seahare
【答案】
(1)C
(2)B
(3)C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了一些野生动物是如何进行自身防御的。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据 SeaHare(海兔)部分中的“Theseaharegivesoutaslimy,purpleink,thesubstancewhichmakesfoodlesspalatabletopredators.”可知,海兔身上散发出黏糊糊的紫色墨水,这种物质使得捕食者对食物不那么感兴趣,从而保护自己免受捕食者的伤害。
故选C。
(2)考查细节理解。
根据 Opossum(负鼠)部分中的“Inordertobecome‘dead’,theydon'thavetofaxanyoneadeathcertificate.Theyjustlietherewiththeirtongueshangingoutwiththesmellofdeadflesh,sometimesforhours,effectivelyconvincingpotentialpredatorstheycanfindamuchfreshermealelsewhere.”可知,负鼠假装死亡,让捕食者在其他地方找到更新鲜的食物,以避免成为捕食者的目标。
故选B。
(3)考查推理判断。
根据Millipedes(千足虫)部分中的“Theirmajordefenseistocurlupintoaball.They,though,alsoreleaseaharmeyes,andleaveahorriblesmellontheirattackers.”可知,千足虫主要防守是蜷成一团。
然而,它们也会释放出有害的 眼睛,并在攻击者身上留下可怕的气味。
从而可以推断出,千足虫是拥有多种防御机制的物种。
故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇科普类阅读,考生需要准确捕捉细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。
3.犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.
Beingabletolandsafelyisacriticallyimportantskillforallflyinganimals.Comparativelyspeaking,groundlivinganimalsfacenoparticularchallengewhentheyneedtostoprunningorcrawling,whileflyinganimalsmoveatmuchhigherspeed,andtheymustbecarefulabouthowtheyland.Hittingtheground,orevenwater,atfullflightspeedwouldbequitedangerous.Beforetouchingdown,theymustdecreasetheirspeedinordertolandsafely.Bothbatsandbirdshavemasteredtheskilloflanding,butthesetwotypesofflyersgoaboutitquitedifferently.
Inthepastitwasbelievedthat,intermsofflyingmechanics,therewaslittledifferencebetweenbatsandbirds.Thisbeliefwasbasedonlyonassumption,however,becauseforyearsnobodyhadactuallystudiedindetailhowbatsmovetheirwings.Inrecentyears,though,researchershavediscoveredanumberofinterestingfactsaboutbatflight.Batsarebuiltdifferentlyfrombirds,andtheirwingsaremadeupofboththeirfrontandhindlimbs(肢体).Thismakescoordinating(协调)theirlimbsmoredifficultforbatsand,asaresult,theyarenotverygoodatflyingoverlongerdistances.However,theyaremuchbetterattheabilitytoadjustthemselves:
abatcanquicklychangeitsdirectionofflightorcompletelyreverseit,somethingabirdcannoteasilydo.
Anotherinterestingcharacteristicofbatflightisthewayinwhichbatsland-upsidedow
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