川农考博英语1080英语.docx

川农考博英语1080英语.docx

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川农考博英语1080英语

四川农业大学

2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题

科目名称：

1080英语

（总分：

100分）

考生注意：

所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效！

本试题随同答题纸交回！

EnglishTestforCandidatesofDoctors（SichuanAgriculturalUniversity2011）

PartOne:

Readingcomprehension（40%）

PassageOne

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody'ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse."Ananimalthatcan'tdetectdangercan'tstayalive,"saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons（神经元）deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale（扁桃体）.

LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalareceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdalaappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:

trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.

Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey'reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,"Ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear."

Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:

worry

That'snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell."Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,"hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.

Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere'sarightwaytoworry."Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,"hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe'refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.

Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit'sbeendifficulttogetfactsabouthowweshouldrespond.That'swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro（抗炭疽菌的药物）andbuyinggasmasks.

1.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”（Sent.1,Para.1）refersto“”.

A）thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolves

B）theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdanger

C）theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecision

D）theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation

2.FormthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat.

A）reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictable

B）memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistress

C）people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingsoffear

D）theamygdalaplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger

3.Fromthepassageweknowthat.

A）alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperly

B）alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecession

C）fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedanger

D）fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents

4.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?

A）Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.

B）Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.

C）Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.

D）Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.

5.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas.

A）ridiculousB）understandableC）over-cautiousD）sensible

PassageTwo

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Youheartherefrainallthetime:

theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?

Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent（富裕的）SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,"hunger,sickness,andcold"threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote."Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours."AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas"anecessaryevil".

It'softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel"squeezed"becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkerstearthey’vebecomethedisposableAmericanasLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedUtopian（乌托邦式的）possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlessphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity（肥胖症）.Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shouldwebesurprised?

Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:

thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.

6.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?

A）Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.

B）Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.

C）Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.

D）Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.

7.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause.

A）publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpected

B）thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

C）theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression

D）materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety

8.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

A）Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B）Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C）Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweentherichandthepoor.

D）Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.

9.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby"thedisposableAmerican"（Sent.3,Para.5）?

A）Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.

B）Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C）PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D）Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.

10.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A）Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B）Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C）Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D）Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.

PassageThree

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold（霉）onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.

Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.

"Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:

"Howcomenobod