大学英语六级分类模拟题318电子教案.docx
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大学英语六级分类模拟题318电子教案.docx
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大学英语六级分类模拟题318电子教案
大学英语六级分类模拟题318
ReadingComprehension
Womenarehalfthepopulationbutonly15%ofboardmembersatbigAmericanfirms,and10%inEurope.Companiesthatfishinonlyhalfofthetalentpoolwillloseouttothosethatcasttheirnetmorewidely.Thereisalsoevidencethatmixedboardsmakebetterdecisions.
Mindfulofthis,Europeancountriesarepassinglawsthatwouldforcecompaniestopromotemorewomentotheexecutivesuite.AnewFrenchlawrequireslistedfirmstoreserve40%ofboardseatsforwomenby2017.NorwayandSpainhavesimilarlaws;Germanyisconsideringone.TheEuropeanParliamentdeclaredthismonththatsuchquotasshouldbeappliedthroughouttheEuropeanUnion.
Therearetwomainargumentsforcompulsoryquotas.Oneisthatthemenwhodominatecorporateboardsarehopelesslysexist:
theypromotepeoplelikethemselvesandignoreanyfemaletalent.
Thesecondargumentismoresubtle.Talentedexecutivesneedmentors(导师)tohelpthemclimbtheladder. Maledirectorsmentoryoungmenbutarereluctanttogetfriendlywithyoungwomen,lesttherelationshipbemisinterpreted.Quotaswillbreakthisviciouscyclebyputtinglotsofwomenatthetop,whocanthenoffertheirsistersalegup.
Theremaybesomethinginbotharguments,butinmostrichcountriessexismisnolongerthemainobstacletowomen'scareers.Childrenare.Mostwomentakecareerbreakstolookafterthem.Manycareforelderlyrelatives,too.Onestudyfoundthattwo-thirdsofAmericanwomenhadatsomepointswitchedfromfull-timeworktopart-timeorflexibletimetobalanceworkandfamily.Suchchoicesmakeitharderforwomentogaintheexperiencenecessarytomakeittotheverytop.
Whatismore,bigcompaniesareincreasinglyglobal.Manywantabosswhohasworkedinmorethanonecountry.Suchforeignpostingsdisruptfamilies;manywomenturnthemdown.Andmany,anticipatingacareerbreakatsomepointinthefuture,enterfieldswheretheirskillswillnotquicklybecomeoutdated,suchaslaworhumanresources.Somelawyersmakegoodchiefexecutives.Butfirmsoftenwantpeoplewithfinancialoroperationalexperienceforthetopjobs,andthesefieldsarestillmale-dominated.
Quotasaretoobluntatoolforsuchatangledproblem.Thewomencompaniesarecompelledtoputonboardsareunlikelytobeasusefulasthosetheyplacetherevoluntarily.Quotasforcefirmseithertopadtheirboardswithtokennon-executivedirectors,ortoallocaterealpoweronthebasisofsexratherthanmerit. Enforcingquotasforwomenhasledtolargenumbersofinexperiencedwomenbeingappointedtoboards,andseriouslydamagedthosefirms'performance.
1、Whatwillhappentoacompanyifmendominateitsexecutiveboard?
A.Itstalentpoolwilldryoutsooner.
B.Itscompetitivenesswillbeweakened.
C.Itswomenemployeeswillcomplain.
D.Itisboundtomakeunwisedecisions.
2、Whatseemstopreventwomenfrombecomingboardmembersapartfromsexism?
A.Manyofthemlackthecouragetofacethechallengeintheboardroom.
B.Maledirectorsareafraidofwomen'spotentialthreattotheirauthority.
C.Fewofthemhavethetrainingandqualificationsneededforexecutiveduties.
D.Maledirectorsrefrainfromgivingthemguidancetoavoidmisunderstanding.
3、Whatdoestheauthorsayistherealbarriertowomen'scareers?
A.Anapparentlackofnecessarylegislation.
B.Fiercecompetitionfrommalecolleagues.
C.Theburdenoftakingcareoftheirfamily.
D.Thewidespreadsexismintheworkplace.
4、Whydomanywomenchoosetoentersuchfieldsaslaworhumanresources?
A.Theyallowwomencareerbreaksifneedbe.
B.Theycanbringawoman'stalentintofullplay.
C.Theyofferhighsalariesandattractivebenefits.
D.TheypavethewayforwomentobecomeCEOs.
5、Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepracticeofenforcingquotasforwomenexecutives?
A.Itisasimplesolutiontoatangledproblem.
B.Itisaneffectivetooltocombatsexism.
C.Ithelpsfilltheexecutiveboardwithtalents.
D.Itadverselyaffectsafirm'sperformance.
Internationalgovernments'inactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive(主动出击的)approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.
DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.
CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegood-nessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenviron-mentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&Slaunchedits"PlanA"sustainabilityprogrammein2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover$200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated$105millionby2011/12.
Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhuge"quickwin"opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.
However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepace.Therearefartoomanycompaniesstilldelayingcreatingaleanandgreenbusinesssystem,arguingthatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestment.Theyremainstuckinthe"environmentiscost"mentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.
Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenviron-mentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebig-gestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityis"increasedefficiencythroughmanagementandbehaviouralchange"—inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.
Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.
6、Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?
A.Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.
B.Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.
C.Theyarekeydriversintheirnations'economicgrowth.
D.Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.
7、WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?
A.Thegoodnessoftheirhearts. B.Astrongsenseofresponsibility.
C.Thedesiretogenerateprofits. D.Pressurefromenvironmentalists.
8、Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?
A.Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.
B.Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.
C.Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.
D.Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.
9、Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?
A.Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.
B.Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.
C.Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.
D.Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.
10、Whatisthefindingofthestudiesaboutcompaniescommittedtoenvironmentalgoals?
A.Theyhavegreatlyenhancedtheirsenseofsocialresponsibility.
B.Theydomuchbetterthantheircounterpartsintermsofrevenues.
C.Theyhaveabandonedalltheout-datedequipmentandtechnology.
D.Theymakegreatercontributionstohumanprogressthantheirrivals.
Ifyouaskedmetodescribetherisingphilosophyoftheday,I'dsayitisdata-ism.Wenowhavetheabilitytogatherhugeamountsofdata.Thisabilityseemstocarrywithitcertainculturalassumptions—thateverythingthatcanbemeasuredshouldbemeasured;thatdataisatransparentandreliablelensthatallowsustofilteroutemotionalismandideology;thatdatawillhelpusdoremark-ablethings—likeforetellthefuture.
Overthenextyear,I'mhopingtogetabettergriponsomeofthequestionsraisedbythedatarevolution:
inwhatsituationsshouldwerelyonintuitivepatternrecognitionandinwhichsituationsshouldweignoreintuitionandfollowthedata?
Whatkindsofeventsarepredictableusingstatisticalanalysisandwhatsortsofeventsarenot?
IconfessIenterthisinaskepticalframeofmindbelievingthatwetendtogetcarriedawayinourdesiretoreduceeverythingtothequantifiable.Butattheoutsetletmecelebratetwothingsdatadoesreallywell.
First,it'sreallygoodatexposingwhenourintuitiveviewofrealityiswrong.Forexample,nearlyeverypersonwhorunsforpoliticalofficehasanintuitivese
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