土木工程专业外文翻译建筑物的结构.docx

土木工程专业外文翻译建筑物的结构.docx

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土木工程专业外文翻译建筑物的结构

外文原文

Text　StructureofBuildings

ReadingMaterialA　StructuralPlanninganddesign

ReadingMaterialB　TypesofLoadsandTypesofStress

Contents

UNITONE

Text　IntroductiontoMechanicsofMaterials

ReadingMaterialAShearCenter

　　BAllowableStressDesignandStrengthDesign

UNITTWO

Text　TheTensileTest

ReadingMaterialAComparativeStudyoftheMechanicalPropertiesofDuctileandBrittleMaterials

BStrengthTheories

UNITTHREE

Text　ApplicationofMechanicsofMaterialsandItsStudyMethod

ReadingMaterialAStress

　　BMethodofSections

UNITFOUR

Text　DescriptionoftheForceandDisplacementMethod

ReadingMaterialATypesofBeams

　　BMethodsofJointsandSectionsforAnalyzingaTruss

UNITFIVE

Text　StructureofBuildings

ReadingMaterialAStructuralPlanningandDesign

　　BTypesofLoadsandTypesofStress

UNITSIX

Text　PurposeofStructuralAnalysis,ModelingofStructuresandRelationofAnalysisandDesign

ReadingMaterialAMatrixAnalysisofStructuresbytheStiffnessMethod

　　BEquilibriumofSingleMembers

UNITSEVEN

Text　PropertiesofConcreteandReinforcedConcrete

ReadingMaterialAPropertyofStructuralSteel

　　BNatureofWoodandMasonry

UNITEIGHT

Text　BuildingCode（Ⅰ）

ReadingMaterialABuildingCode（Ⅱ）

　　BBuildingCode（Ⅲ）

UNITNINE

Text　EarlyHistoryofCementandConcrete

ReadingMaterialATheHydrationReaction

　　BDistressandFailureofConcrete

UNITTEN

Text　AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofConcreteandItsWater-CementRatio

ReadingMaterialASlumpTestandConcreteProportioning

　　BCuringConcrete

UNITELEVEN

Text　Mortar

ReadingMaterialAWaterRetentively

　　BCementMortarandLimeMortar

UNITTWELVE

Text　GeneralPlanningConsiderations

ReadingMaterialAHousing

　　BHouse

UNITTHIRTEEN

Text　FactoryDesign

ReadingMaterialAModernBuildingConstruction

　　BBuilding

UNITFOURTEEN

Text　FundamentalObjectiveofStructuralDynamicsAnalysis

ReadingMaterialAOrganizationoftheText

　　BMethodsofDiscretization

UNITFIFTEEN

Text　ContentsofTheoryofElasticity

ReadingMaterialABasicAssumptionsinClassicalElasticity

　　BMembersinaStateofTwo-DimensionalStress

UNITSIXTEEN

Text　HistoricalDevelopmentofFiniteElementMethod

ReadingMaterialAGeneralDescriptionoftheFiniteElementMethod

　　BIntroductionofDisplacementApproach

AppendixⅠ　Vocabulary

AppendixⅡ　TranslationforReference

AppendixⅢ　KeytoExercises

一、ForeignoriginalUNITFIVE

1.TextStructureofBuildings··········································1-3

2.ReadingMaterialA　StructuralPlanninganddesign·················································································4-5

3.ReadingMaterialB　TypesofLoadsandTypesofStress·················································································6-8

⑴TypesofLoads································································6-7

⑵Typesofstress····························································7-8

二、外文译文　第五单元

1.课文建筑物的结构···························································9-10

2.阅读材料A结构的规划和设计···········································11

3.阅读材料B荷载类型及应力类型··································12-13

⑴负载类型············································································12

⑵应力类型··········································································13

UNITFIVE

TextStructureofBuildings

[1]Consideringonlytheengineeringessentials,thestructureofabuildingcanbedefinedastheassemblageofthosepartswhichexistforthepurposeofmaintainingshapeandstability.Itsprimarypurposeistoresistanyloadsappliedtothebuildingandtotransmitthosetotheground.

[2]Intermsofarchitecture,thestructureofabuildingisanddoesmuchmorethanthat.Itisaninseparablepartofthebuildingformandtovaryingdegreesisageneratorofthatform.Usedskillfully,thebuildingstructurecanestablishorreinforceordersandrhythmsamongthearchitecturalvolumesandplanes.Itcanbevisuallydominantorrecessive.Itcandevelopharmoniesorconflicts.Itcanbebothconfiningandemancipating.And,unfortunatelyinsomecases,itcannotbeignored.Itisphysical.

[3]Thestructuremustalsobeengineeredtomaintainthearchitecturalform.Theprinciplesandtoolsofphysicsandmathematicsprovidethebasisfordifferentiatingbetweenrationalandirrationalformsintermsofconstruction.Artistscansometimesgenerateshapesthatobviateanyconsiderationofscience,butarchitectscannot.

[4]Thereareatleastthreeitemsthatmustbepresentinthestructureofabuilding:

stability

strengthandstiffness

economy

[5]Takingthefirstofthethreerequirements,itisobviousthatstabilityisneededtomaintainshape.Anunstablebuildingstructureimpliesunbalancedforcesoralackofequilibriumandaconsequentaccelerationofthestructureoritspieces.

[6]Therequirementofstrengthmeansthatthematerialsselectedtoresistthestressesgeneratedbytheloadsandshapesofthestructure（s）mustbeadequate.Indeed,a"factorofsafety"isusuallyprovidedsothatundertheanticipatedloads,agivenmaterialisnotstressedtoalevelevenclosetoitsrupturepoint.Thematerialpropertycalledstiffnessisconsideredwiththerequirementofstrength.Stiffnessisdifferentfromstrengthinthatitdirectlyinvolveshowmuchastructurestrainsordeflectsunderload.Amaterialthatisverystrongbutlackinginstiffnesswilldeformtoomuchtobeofvalueinresistingtheforcesapplied.

[7]Economyofabuildingstructurereferstomorethanjustthecostofthematerialsused.Constructioneconomyisacomplicatedsubjectinvolvingrawmaterials,fabrication,erection,andmaintenance.Designandconstructionlaborcostsandthecostsofenergyconsumptionmustbeconsidered.Speedofconstructionandthecostofmoney（interest）arealsofactors.Inmostdesignsituations,morethanonestructuralmaterialrequiresconsideration.Competitivealternativesalmostalwaysexist,andthechoiceisseldomobvious.

[8]Apartfromthesethreeprimaryrequirements,severalotherfactorsareworthyofemphasis.First,thestructureorstructuralsystemmustrelatetothebuilding'sfunction.Itshouldnotbeinconflictintermsofform.Forexample,alinearfunctiondemandsalinearstructure,andthereforeitwouldbeimpropertoroofabowlingalleywithadome.Similarly,atheatermusthavelarge,unobstructedspansbutafinerestaurantprobablyshouldnot.Statedsimply,thestructuremustbeappropriatetothefunctionitistoshelter.

[9]Second,thestructuremustbefire-resistant.Itisobviousthatthestructuralsystemmustbeabletomaintainitsintegrityatleastuntiltheoccupantsaresafelyout.Buildingcodesspecifythenumberofhoursforwhichcertainpartsofabuildingmustresisttheheatwithoutcollapse.Thestructuralmaterialsusedforthoseelementsmustbeinherentlyfire-resistantorbeadequatelyprotectedbyfireproofingmaterials.Thedegreeoffireresistancetobeprovidedwilldependuponanumberofitems,includingtheuseandoccupancyloadofthespace,itsdimensions,andthelocationofthebuilding.

[10]Third,thestructureshouldintegratewellwiththebuilding'scirculationsystems.Itshouldnotbeinconflictwiththepipingsystemsforwaterandwaste,theductingsystemsforair,or（mostimportant）themovementofpeople.Itisobviousthatthevariousbuildingsystemsmustbecoordinatedasthedesignprogresses.Onecandesigninasequentialstep-by-stepmannerwithinanyonesystem,butthedesignofallofthemshouldmoveinaparallelmannertowardcompletion.Spatially,allthevariouspartsofabuildingareinterdependent.

[11]Fourth,thestructuremustbepsychologicallysafeaswellasphysicallysafe.Ahigh-riseframethatswaysconsiderablyinthewindmightnotactuallybedangerousbutmaymakethebuildinguninhabitablejustthesame.Lightweightfloorsystemsthataretoo“bouncy"canmaketheusersveryuncomfortable.Largeglasswindows,uninterruptedbydividingmullions,canbequitesafebutwillappearveryinsecuretotheoccupantstandingnexttoone40floorsabovethestreet.

[12]Sometimesthearchitectmustmakedeliberateattemptstoincreasetheapparentstrengthorsolidnessofthestructure.Thisapparentsafetymaybemoreimportantthanhonestlyexpressingthebuilding'sstructure,becausetheuntrainedviewercannotdistinguishbetweenrealandperceivedsafety.

ReadingMaterialA

StructuralPlanninganddesign

Thebuildingdesignerneedstounderstandthebehaviorofphysicalstructuresunderload.Anabilitytointuitor"feel"structuralbehaviorispossessedbythosehavingmuchexperienceinvolvingstructuralanalysis,bothqualitativeandquantitative.Theconsequentknowledgeofhowforces,stresses,anddeformationsbuildupindifferentmaterialsandshapesisvitaltothedevelopmentofthis”sense”。

Beginningthisstudyofforcesandstressesanddeformationsismosteasilydonethroughquantitativemethods.Thesetwosubjectsformthebasisforallstructuralplanninganddesignandareverydifficulttolearnintheabstract.

Inmostbuildingdesignefforts,theinitialstructuralplanningisdonebythearchitect.Ideally,thestructuralandmechanicalconsultantsshouldworksidebysidewiththearchitectfromtheconceptionofaprojecttothefinaldaysofconstruction.Inmostcases,however,thearchitectmustmakesomeinitialassumptionsabouttherelationshipstobedevelopedbetweenthebuildingformandthestructuralsystem.Asolidbackgroundinstructuralprinciplesandbehaviorisneededtomaketheseassumptionswithanyreasonabledegreeofconfidence.Theshapeofthestru