考研英语试题及答案.docx
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考研英语试题及答案.docx
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考研英语试题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDrUriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.
To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.
Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews,12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant'sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.
DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.
1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers
2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external
3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment
4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall
5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless
6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for
7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless
8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test
9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success
10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified
11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise
12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured
13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged
14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took
15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather
16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced
17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below
18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate
19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard
20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn'taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.
Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn'tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline'sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion.”Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable—meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon'tadvertisethat—andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.
Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.
Overdressedisthefashionworld'sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan'sTheOmnivore'sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear—about64itemsperperson—andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.
TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes—andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan'tbeknockedoff.
Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment—includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline—Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan'taffordnotto.
21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher.
[A]insensitivitytofashion
[B]obsessionwithhighfashion
[C]poorbargainingskill
[D]lackofimagination
22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumersto.
[A]combatunnecessarywaste
[B]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently
[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements
[D]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld
23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.
[A]tolerance[B]indifference
[C]enthusiasm[D]accusation
24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.
[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.
[C]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.
[D]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.
25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?
[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.
[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.
[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.
[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.
Text2
Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.
Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:
Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?
Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?
InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.
OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithWindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.
Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“They’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”
Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft'sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.
AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:
ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforWindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:
“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?
[433words]
26.ItissuggestedinParagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto.
[A]providebetteronlineservices
[B]easecompetitionamongthemselves
[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers
[D]lowertheiroperationalcosts
27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto.
[A]internetbrowserdevelopers
[B]digitalinformationanalysts
[C]e-commerceconductors
[D]onlineadvertisers
28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault.
[A]maycutthenumberofjunkads
[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry
[C]willnotbenefitconsumers
[D]goesagainsthumannature
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